Frankston

SA2

Greater Melbourne / Frankston

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Data Sources ABSValuer GeneralRental BoardACARA Newest Sep 2026 · Refreshed ABS QuickStats 214011371 How we calculate this
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Statistical Area (SA2) Boundary Analysis

This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.

SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).

Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.

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Sales ActivityProperty Sales Trends in Frankston

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DemographicsPopulation Growth in Frankston

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Frankston has an estimated 25,131 residents, up from 23,586 at the 2021 Census — a change of 1,545 people, or 6.6%. Growth has averaged 0.6% a year over five years. 419 new addresses have been validated here since Census night. Overseas migration accounts for 67.8% of that increase. That puts 2,163 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.

Detail

According to research conducted by AreaSearch, the resident count in Frankston stands at approximately 25,131 as of Aug 2026. Compared to the 2021 Census tally of 23,586 people, this represents an addition of 1,545 individuals, or a 6.6% expansion. This updated figure is derived from the ABS estimated resident population benchmark of 25,043 recorded as of June 2025 alongside 419 validated new addresses confirmed following the Census. The suburb exhibits a population density of 2,162 persons per square kilometer, outpacing the national benchmark evaluated across AreaSearch study areas. Furthermore, the local 6.6% rate of expansion outstripped both the wider SA4 region (3.3%) and the encompassing SA3 territory, establishing the locality as a regional frontrunner in population growth.

Net overseas migration served as the primary growth catalyst, generating roughly 67.8% of recent population additions, with interstate migration and natural increase also making positive contributions. Projections compiled by AreaSearch incorporate SA2-level modeling from the ABS and Geoscience Australia published in 2024 with a 2022 baseline. Where localized SA2 forecasts are unavailable, figures from the 2023 VIC State Government Regional/LGA releases are integrated through a weighted aggregation methodology translating LGA trends to the SA2 level. In addition, age-specific growth trajectories derived from these aggregations are applied across every territory for the period spanning 2032 to 2041. Based on recent demographic patterns and the latest annual ERP baseline, Frankston is forecast to achieve an above-median expansion relative to national statistical zones, adding 3,301 residents by 2041 to register an overall 12.8% gain across the 16 years.

Frequently Asked Questions - Population

What is the latest population estimate for the Frankston SA2?
Total population for the Frankston SA2 was estimated to be approximately 25,131 as at Aug 26. This is based upon an estimated resident population of 25,043 from the ABS up to June 2025.
How has the population in the Frankston SA2 changed since 2021?
The frankston sa2 has added approximately 1,545 people and shown a 6.55% increase from the 23,586 people recorded at the 2021 Census period.
What is the population density in the Frankston SA2?
The population density in the Frankston SA2 is estimated at 2,162 persons per square kilometer based on the latest population estimate.
How much has the population grown over the past 10 years in the Frankston SA2?
Over the past 10 years, the population in the Frankston SA2 has shown a compound annual growth rate of 0.8% per annum.
What are the main drivers of population growth in the Frankston SA2?
Population growth in the Frankston SA2 is driven by: Overseas migration (67.8%), Natural increase (27.5%), Interstate migration (4.6%). The primary driver is Overseas migration, contributing 67.8% of overall population gains.

Residential SupplyHousing Development & Building Approvals in Frankston

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784 new dwellings have been approved in Frankston over the past five years, an average of 156 a year. That places the area in the 77th percentile for residential development activity nationally, about 6 approvals per 1,000 residents a year. Of the 159 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 17% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.

Detail

Over the preceding 5 financial years, residential development in Frankston averaged approximately 156 approvals annually, culminating in 784 total dwellings. With only 1 incoming resident per newly approved dwelling between FY-22 and FY-26 across the past 5 financial years, the incoming housing pipeline is comfortably meeting or exceeding local requirements, granting prospective purchasers extensive options while unlocking headroom for expansion above current projections. The typical expected construction cost for these new builds is $531,000. In addition, $73.5 million in commercial building consents has been logged during the ongoing financial year, pointing to vigorous commercial investment in the suburb.

On a per-capita basis, Frankston records 76.0% more new residential consents than Greater Melbourne, providing prospective buyers with extensive options. The pipeline of new residential construction is composed of 17.0% standalone houses and 83.0% medium-to-high density attached homes. This pronounced pivot toward higher-density dwelling types delivers more accessible entry prices for first-home buyers, downsizers, and property investors. It also represents a substantial transformation from the current established built form (presently 66.0% houses), driven by tightening greenfield land supply, evolving living preferences, and housing affordability constraints. With around 228 persons per dwelling approval, the locality maintains significant capacity for future growth. Projections indicate that Frankston will expand by 3,213 persons by 2041, based on recent quarterly modeling from AreaSearch. Given current building approval trajectories, incoming residential stock appears well placed to satisfy demographic requirements, supporting favorable market conditions for buyers and potentially facilitating expansion above baseline expectations.

Frequently Asked Questions - Development

How many dwelling approvals have occurred in the Frankston SA2 recently?
Dwelling approval activity in the the Frankston SA2 area has seen 424 residential approvals over the past two financial years, based on AreaSearch's SA2 aggregation method. The Frankston SA2's current population of 25,131 has been supported by 156 approvals on average over recent years.
How does the Frankston SA2's development activity compare to the broader region?
The Frankston SA2 has seen 0.64 approvals per 100 people in recent years, compared to 0.86 approvals in the broader region. This means that one dwelling has been approved for every 228 people in the Frankston SA2, compared to one for every 121 in the broader region.
Is the Frankston SA2 keeping up with housing demand?
With the population expected to increase by 3,213 people by 2041, around 1,607 new dwellings will be necessary. Recent approval levels appear more than sufficient to meet these forecasts, considering the census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling. This suggests that population growth may exceed trend projections in the coming years, supported by a robust housing supply.
What has been the trend in development approvals over the past five years in the Frankston SA2?
Looking at development activity over the past five years, the Frankston SA2's approval levels have been significantly above the yearly average of 156, indicating strong recent growth in development activity.
How many dwellings will be needed to accommodate future population growth in the Frankston SA2?
The population in the Frankston SA2 is expected to grow by 3,213 people by 2041, necessitating approximately 1,607 new dwellings. This calculation is based on the current census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling in the area.
How does recent development compare to population growth in the Frankston SA2?
Over the past five years, the population in the Frankston SA2 has grown by approximately 2,855 people, while 784 residential approvals were recorded. This equates to a ratio of 3.6 people added for each new dwelling approval. This high ratio suggests strong population growth relative to housing supply, potentially indicating unmet housing demand.
Are there opportunities for residential developers in the Frankston SA2?
With dwelling approval activity running at an average of 156 approvals per year and a population of 25,131, the market appears to be adequately supplied relative to projected housing demand in recent years, suggesting that developers should have a longer-term approach when considering new projects. With the population expected to increase by 3,213 people by 2041, around 1,607 new dwellings will be necessary. Recent approval levels appear more than sufficient to meet these forecasts, considering the census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling. This suggests that population growth may exceed trend projections in the coming years, supported by a robust housing supply.
Approvals Pipeline Development applications near Frankston

Development applications around Frankston

Development approvals is a new addition to AreaSearch. We’re actively expanding council coverage and refining the dataset — details and statuses for some councils may be partial. Check back regularly for the latest pipeline.
Application search is not available in Victoria. AreaSearch holds 78 applications for Frankston, but they are a record of past activity rather than a current register. Victoria has no state-wide planning portal and its council coverage is uneven, so we have switched the search off here rather than return partial answers. We are currently investigating a solution. No credits are charged for Victorian applications, and building approvals from the ABS and the major projects we track are unaffected.

SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.

Project PipelineInfrastructure & Major Projects in Frankston

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AreaSearch tracks 16 current infrastructure and development projects inside Frankston, worth an estimated $5.46 billion. A further 110 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $12.8 billion. 33 are already under construction and 45 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, transport & logistics and communities, precincts & urban renewal. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.

Detail

Urban development, capital works, and major planning frameworks exert a profound influence on local area dynamics. AreaSearch has identified 21 significant initiatives within Frankston that are poised to shape the district. Prominent projects include the 35-41 Hastings Road Apartment Development, Harbour Frankston, Bayside Mixed-Use Precinct Development, and the Frankston Revitalisation Project, with key ventures itemized below.

Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.

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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure

What are some of the major infrastructure and planning changes likely to influence the Frankston SA2?
Key infrastructure and planning changes likely to influence the Frankston SA2 include: Frankston Revitalisation Project (Construction); Bayside Mixed-Use Precinct Development (Planning); Harbour Frankston (Construction); 35-41 Hastings Road Apartment Development (Approved); and Towerhill Road Schools Precinct Shared Path (Planning). These projects represent significant developments that will shape the area's future infrastructure landscape.
What types of infrastructure projects are impacting the Frankston SA2?
Infrastructure development impacting the Frankston SA2 spans multiple sectors including Residential Development, Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal, and Education & Training, among others.
What is the scale of infrastructure investment impacting the Frankston SA2?
Infrastructure investment analysis indicates substantial capital deployment exceeding $5.4 billion in projects that will impact the extended area, with a notable concentration of investment within the immediate the Frankston SA2 vicinity.
How does the Frankston SA2's infrastructure development compare to other areas?
The Frankston SA2 shows moderate infrastructure development relative to national averages, with opportunities for future growth and investment.
Peninsula University Hospital (Frankston Hospital Redevelopment)
Category: Health & Medical
Stage: Completed | Est. Comp: 2026
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

The $1.1 billion redevelopment, now officially known as Peninsula University Hospital, reached practical completion and opened to patients on 20 January 2026. The project delivered a new 12-storey clinical services tower, 130 additional beds, 15 new operating theatres, and a rooftop helipad. Key enhancements include expanded women's and children's services, a dedicated paediatric emergency zone, and a new mental health and oncology hub. While the main tower is operational, minor refurbishment of existing hospital areas will continue throughout 2026, with a new community and childcare centre expected by 2028.

Health & Medical

Peninsula Link Freeway
Category: Transport & Logistics
Stage: Completed | Est. Comp: 2013
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

A 27-kilometre toll-free freeway connecting EastLink at Carrum Downs to the Mornington Peninsula Freeway at Mount Martha. The project features 14 public art installations, innovative noise walls, and a 23km shared use path. In 2025-2026, the freeway underwent significant pavement reconstruction and maintenance works to ensure long-term road safety.

Transport & Logistics

Bayside Mixed-Use Precinct Development
Category: Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal
Stage: Planning | Est. Comp: 2028
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Major ongoing transformation of Bayside Shopping Centre into a contemporary mixed-use precinct by Vicinity Centres. The project includes retail reconfiguration with elevated precincts, enhanced dining and entertainment offerings, and activated laneways. A significant component is the planned 8-storey A-Grade office tower at 12 Balmoral Walk, providing 14,000 sqm of office space and ground-floor retail. The development targets a 5-Star Green Star rating. As of 2026, the office tower component remains in the planning and leasing phase pending an anchor tenant pre-commitment.

Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal

Frankston Metropolitan Activity Centre Structure Plan
Category: Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal
Stage: Approved | Est. Comp: 2041
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

A 20-year strategic framework implemented via Amendment C160fran, approved on 11 April 2025. The plan guides the transformation of Frankston into a regional waterfront city, targeting 7,500 new dwellings and 2,800 new jobs within the centre by 2041. Key features include building heights ranging from 3 to 16 storeys, the revitalisation of Nepean Boulevard into a green pedestrian-focused corridor, and the creation of six distinct precincts. The plan integrates with the state-led Activity Centre Program to unlock housing diversity and streamline development assessments.

Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal

Nepean Boulevard Precinct Revitalisation
Category: Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal
Stage: Approved | Est. Comp: 2027
Source / Links: Link 1   

A precinct-wide transformation of the Nepean Highway corridor in Frankston into a safe, green boulevard. The project includes intersection upgrades at Overton Road, funded by $25 million from the State Government, and broader precinct works backed by $10 million from Frankston City Council.

Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal

Frankston Revitalisation Project
Category: Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 2045
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

A comprehensive multi-decade urban renewal initiative guided by the Frankston Metropolitan Activity Centre (FMAC) Structure Plan. Major active components include the Harbour mixed-use development at 446-450 Nepean Highway featuring 94 apartments, commercial activation, and key civic public realm upgrades across 13 distinct precincts.

Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal

35-41 Hastings Road Apartment Development
Category: Residential Development
Stage: Approved | Est. Comp: 2027
Source / Links: Link 1   

Demolition of existing buildings and construction of a 5-storey building comprising 52 apartments, office space, and food and drink premises. The development provides modern residential accommodation close to Frankston Hospital and CBD, contributing to urban consolidation and housing diversity.

Residential Development

Towerhill Road Schools Precinct Shared Path
Category: Transport & Logistics
Stage: Approved | Est. Comp: 2026
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Upgrade of approximately 1km of existing footpath into a wider shared user path along Towerhill Road between Overport Road and Frankston-Flinders Road. The active transport project enhances safety and connectivity for students and local residents walking and cycling to surrounding schools and community facilities.

Transport & Logistics

Jobs & IndustryEmployment Trends in Frankston

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12,486 residents of Frankston are employed, from a labour force of 13,474. Unemployment sits at 7.3%, with participation at 64.4%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.7% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 27,823, about 111% of the resident population, so the area draws in more workers than it sends out. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.

Detail

Frankston features a capable local workforce anchored by significant representation in essential community services, alongside a 7.3% jobless rate and annual employment growth estimated at 1.1%. As of March 2026, employed locals number 12,486, though the local unemployment rate exceeds the Greater Melbourne benchmark of 4.8% by 2.6%, and the labor force participation rate of 64.4% remains well below the metropolitan average of 70.1%. Data from the Census showed that 22.5% of working residents operated from home, an outcome that may have been shaped by Covid-19 pandemic movement restrictions. The leading employment sectors among residents comprise health care & social assistance, construction, and retail trade.

Frankston exhibits exceptional concentration in health care & social assistance, generating an employment concentration 1.3 times the regional average. By contrast, professional & technical roles account for only 5.6% of the workforce, compared with the broader metropolitan figure of 10.1%. A ratio of 0.8 local jobs per resident worker recorded at the Census demonstrates an above-average volume of employment opportunities within the local boundary. According to AreaSearch’s examination of SALM and ABS figures, the twelve-month period ending March 2026 saw employment rise by 1.1% and the labour force grow by 0.4%, which led to a 0.6 percentage point drop in unemployment. In contrast, Greater Melbourne experienced a 2.1% increase in employment, a 2.3% expansion in the labour force, and a 0.2 percentage point rise in unemployment. Jobs and Skills Australia’s national employment forecasts, which begin from Mar-26, provide additional context for anticipated future demand in Frankston. These forecasts span five and ten-year horizons and have been overlaid with the local employment structure to project potential growth trajectories. Nationally, employment is projected to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, though these gains are not evenly distributed across sectors. When these sector-specific forecasts are applied to Frankston’s current employment composition, the area is expected to see a 6.7% increase in employment over five years and a 13.9% increase over ten years. This estimate relies on a straightforward weighting method intended for illustrative use and does not incorporate localized population forecasts.

Frequently Asked Questions - Employment

What is the employment situation in the Frankston SA2?
As of March 2026, the Frankston SA2 has approximately 12,486 employed residents with an unemployment rate of 7.3%. The elevated unemployment rate suggests challenging labour market conditions. The area faces employment challenges compared to other regions nationally.
How does the Frankston SA2's unemployment rate compare to the broader region?
As of March 2026, the unemployment rate in the Frankston SA2 stands at 7.3%, which is 2.6 percentage points above Greater Melbourne's rate of 4.8%. This higher unemployment rate may indicate local labour market challenges. For comparison, the national unemployment rate is 4.2%.
What are the major employment sectors in the Frankston SA2?
The employment landscape in the Frankston SA2 is dominated by several key sectors. The largest employers are health care & social assistance (18.9% of employment), construction (12.9%), and retail trade (10.7%). Other significant employers include education & training and manufacturing.
How has employment changed recently in the Frankston SA2?
Over the past year to March 2026, the Frankston SA2 has experienced employment growth, with total employment increasing while the labour force increased. As a result, the unemployment rate has fall. By comparison, Greater Melbourne saw employment increased and its unemployment rate rose.
What is the workforce participation rate in the Frankston SA2?
The workforce participation rate in the Frankston SA2 is 64.4%, which represents the proportion of working-age residents who are either employed or actively seeking work. This healthy participation rate reflects good employment opportunities and workforce engagement. The local rate trailing the Greater Melbourne average of 70.1%, suggesting potential for increased workforce participation.
Which industries are over-represented in the Frankston SA2's employment market?
The frankston sa2 shows notable specialization in health care & social assistance, which employs 18.9% of the local workforce compared to 14.2% regionally. This moderate specialization indicates some local strength in the sector. The area also shows above-average employment in 1 other sectors, contributing to a distinctive economic profile.
What are the employment growth prospects for the Frankston SA2?
Based on Jobs and Skills Australia projections applied to the Frankston SA2's industry mix, employment is expected to grow by 6.7% over the next five years and 13.9% over ten years. This exceeds the national forecast of 6.6% over five years, suggesting the area's industry composition is well-positioned for future growth. Steady growth is anticipated across multiple sectors, providing diverse employment opportunities.
How does the job market in the Frankston SA2 compare nationally?
The frankston sa2's employment market shows weaker performance compared to most areas nationally. This suggests the need for targeted economic development initiatives. Recent job advertisement trends show the broader employment region saw a 8.9% decline, ranking 34.0th out of 37 regions nationally.
What employment opportunities exist for skilled workers in the Frankston SA2?
Skilled workers will find good opportunities in the Frankston SA2, with skilled sectors accounting for 37.6% of employment. Key sectors for skilled workers include health care & social assistance (18.9%), education & training (9.5%), and professional & technical (5.6%). With projected employment growth of 6.7% over five years, demand for skilled workers is expected to remain strong.

EarningsHousehold Income in Frankston

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Median household income in Frankston is $1,383 a week (about $72,000 a year), with median personal income at $765 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $53,164 a year against an average of $63,915. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.

Detail

ATO postcode statistics compiled by AreaSearch for financial year 2023 place Frankston SA2 personal earnings below nationwide norms, recording a median income of $53,164 and a mean of $63,915. In comparison, Greater Melbourne registered a median of $57,688 and an average of $75,164. Factoring in subsequent Wage Price Index expansion of 9.62% since financial year 2023, local levels are estimated at roughly $58,278 (median) and $70,064 (average) as of March 2026. Across personal, family, and household measures in Census collections, Frankston falls in lower-middle tiers between the 27th and 41st percentiles nationally.

The $1,500 - 2,999 income bracket forms the largest cohort, encompassing 31.3% of the population (7,866 people), which aligns with the regional proportion of 32.8%. Local housing affordability remains constrained, with residual income after housing costs sitting at 80.3%, placing the area at the 22nd percentile.

Frequently Asked Questions - Income

What is the median taxable income in the Frankston SA2?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated median taxable income in the Frankston SA2 is approximately $58,278. The official ATO data from FY-23 recorded a median of $53,164.
What is the average taxable income in the Frankston SA2?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated average taxable income in the Frankston SA2 is approximately $70,064. The official ATO data from FY-23 recorded an average of $63,915.
How does the median taxable income in the Frankston SA2 compare to the region?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated median taxable income in the Frankston SA2 is approximately $58,278 compared to $63,238 in Greater Melbourne. The official ATO data from FY-23 shows $53,164 and $57,688 respectively.
How does the average taxable income in the Frankston SA2 compare to the region?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated average taxable income in the Frankston SA2 is approximately $70,064 compared to $82,395 in Greater Melbourne. The official ATO data from FY-23 shows $63,915 and $75,164 respectively.
What are the main income cohorts in the Frankston SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
As per the 2021 Census, the income bracket containing the largest proportion (~31.3% / 7,866 persons) of the Frankston SA2's population is the $1,500 - 2,999 cohort.
How do the main income cohorts in the Frankston SA2 compare to the region?
The largest income cohort in the Frankston SA2 is the $1,500 - 2,999 group, representing about 31.3% of the population. In comparison, Greater Melbourne's largest income cohort is the $1,500 - 2,999 group, representing 32.8% of its population, according to the 2021 Census.
What is the median household income in the Frankston SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
The 2021 Census data indicates that the median household income in the Frankston SA2 is $1,383/wk.
What is the median family income in the Frankston SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
According to the 2021 Census, the median family income in the Frankston SA2 is $1,941/wk.
What is the median personal income in the Frankston SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
The 2021 Census shows that the median personal income in the Frankston SA2 is $765/wk.
How does the Frankston SA2's income rank nationally?
The Frankston SA2's income level is below the national average according to the latest ATO data aggregated by AreaSearch for FY-23. The Frankston SA2's median income among taxpayers is $53,164 and the average income stands at $63,915, which compares to figures for Greater Melbourne's of $57,688 and $75,164 respectively. Based on Wage Price Index growth of 9.62% since FY-23, current estimates would be approximately $58,278 (median) and $70,064 (average) as of March 2026.
What is the disposable income in the Frankston SA2?
The estimated disposable income in the Frankston SA2 is $4,811 per year according to AreaSearch analysis.
How does the Frankston SA2's disposable income compare to the region?
The frankston sa2's disposable income is $4,811 compared to $6,948 for Greater Melbourne, based on AreaSearch analysis.

Housing StockHousing & Dwellings in Frankston

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Frankston had 9,726 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 66% detached houses and 9% apartments. 32% are owned with a mortgage, 43% rented and 25% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $335 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,733 a month. Rent absorbs 24.2% of household income here and mortgage repayments 28.9%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.

Detail

The local housing stock at the time of the most recent Census was composed of 65.9% separate houses alongside 34.1% attached properties, apartments, and alternative dwellings, compared to the Melbourne metropolitan split of 67.9% houses and 32.1% attached or higher-density options. Outright property ownership in Frankston lagged the metropolitan standard at 24.7%, with 31.9% of properties held under a mortgage and 43.4% occupied by tenants. Typical monthly mortgage payments were notably lower than the Melbourne metropolitan benchmark of $2,000 at $1,733, while the typical weekly rental cost was $335 against the metropolitan figure of $390.

Relative to Australia-wide figures, local mortgage servicing costs sit below the national average of $1,863, and weekly rents are markedly cheaper than the Australian benchmark of $375.

Frequently Asked Questions - Housing

What percentage of homes are owned vs rented in the Frankston SA2?
In the Frankston SA2, 24.7% of homes are owned outright, 31.9% are owned with a mortgage, and 43.4% are rented.
What percentage of dwellings in the Frankston SA2 are houses?
According to the latest data, 65.9% of dwellings in the Frankston SA2 are houses.
What percentage of dwellings in the Frankston SA2 are apartments or units?
In the Frankston SA2, 8.7% of dwellings are apartments or units, with an additional 25.3% being semi-detached dwellings.
What is the level of outright home ownership in the Frankston SA2?
Outright home ownership in the Frankston SA2 stands at 24.7%, compared to 30.7% in Greater Melbourne.
What is the median monthly mortgage repayment in the Frankston SA2?
The median monthly mortgage repayment in the Frankston SA2 is $1,733, compared to $2,000 in Greater Melbourne.
What is the median weekly rent in the Frankston SA2?
The median weekly rent in the Frankston SA2 is $335, compared to $390 in Greater Melbourne.
What is the distribution of rental prices in the Frankston SA2?
In the Frankston SA2, 5.1% of rentals are $0-149/week, 50.2% are $150-349/week, 43.0% are $350-649/week, 1.2% are $650-949/week, and 0.5% are $950+/week.
What is the average monthly housing cost in the Frankston SA2?
The aggregate monthly housing cost in the Frankston SA2 is $1,182, which represents the average monthly cost across all housing types.
What percentage of income do residents spend on housing in the Frankston SA2?
In the Frankston SA2, households with mortgages typically spend 28.9% of their income on mortgage repayments, while renters spend 24.2% of their income on rent.
How crowded are homes in the Frankston SA2?
The average persons per bedroom ratio in the Frankston SA2 is 0.8, indicating the level of household density.
How does housing affordability in the Frankston SA2 compare to the region?
Housing affordability in the Frankston SA2 shows mortgage holders spending 28.9% of income on repayments (vs 24.3% regionally), while renters spend 24.2% of income on rent (vs 20.5% regionally).
What types of dwellings are most common in the Frankston SA2?
The dwelling mix in the Frankston SA2 consists of 65.9% detached houses, 25.3% semi-detached dwellings, 8.7% apartments, and 0.1% other dwelling types.
What is the weighted average housing cost based on tenure mix in the Frankston SA2?
Given the tenure profile of the area, the weighted average monthly housing cost is approximately $1,182. This accounts for outright owners paying no housing costs, mortgage holders paying $1,733/month, and renters paying $1,451/month.
How affordable is housing in the Frankston SA2 relative to local incomes?
Housing in Frankston consumes approximately 19.7% of median household income ($5,988 monthly), indicating costs are highly affordable. The generally accepted benchmark is that housing should not exceed 30% of household income.
How do proposed developments compare to existing housing types in the Frankston SA2?
Recent development applications in Frankston show attached dwellings contributing 89% of approvals compared to 34% of existing stock, while detached houses represent 11% of applications versus 66% of current dwellings. This suggests increasing densification. This area is seeing substantial increases in dwelling density compared to most Australian locations.

HouseholdsHousehold Composition in Frankston

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Frankston counted 9,726 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 10,363 today, averaging 2.2 people each. 22% are couples with children, fewer than in 82% of areas nationally, against 22% couples without children. 36% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.4 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.

Detail

Families constitute the majority of local living arrangements at 59.7% of all households, consisting of 22.0% couples without children, 21.6% couples with children, and 14.9% one-parent households. Non-family dwellings make up the other 40.3%, dominated by single-person households at 36.2% and shared group living arrangements at 4.0%. The typical local household accommodates a median of 2.2 people, which is smaller than the Greater Melbourne median of 2.6.

Frequently Asked Questions - Households

How many households are in the Frankston SA2?
As of the 2021 Census, the Frankston SA2 had 9,726 households. Based on population growth patterns, this has grown by approximately 6.5% to an estimated 10,363 households today.
What is the typical household size?
The median household size in the Frankston SA2 is 2.2 people. This compares to 2.6 in Greater Melbourne and reflects the area's household composition mix.
What types of households are most common?
Family households dominate at 59.7% of all households. The remaining households consist of lone person households (36.2%), group households (4.0%), and other household types (0.0%).
How are families structured in the area?
Among the 5,806 family households, 21.6% are couples with children, 22.0% are couples without children at home, and 14.9% are single parent families. This mix shapes local demand for schools, family services, and housing types.
How does the Frankston SA2 compare to regional household patterns?
Compared to Greater Melbourne, the Frankston SA2 shows distinct household patterns. Lone person households are notably over-represented at 36.2% (versus 24.8% regionally). Conversely, family households are under-represented at 59.7% compared to the regional 70.9%. This higher proportion of single-person households drives demand for smaller dwellings and different community services.
What is the average family size?
Families in the Frankston SA2 have an average of 1.4 children, matching the Greater Melbourne average of 1.4. This influences local demand for child-related services and larger family homes.
What are the marriage patterns in the Frankston SA2?
Marriage patterns reveal 33.3% of the adult population are currently married, while 44.1% have never married. This compares to 47.0% married and 38.0% never married across Greater Melbourne.
How significant are single-person households?
Single-person households represent 36.2% of all households in the Frankston SA2, higher than the regional average of 24.8%. This affects demand for smaller dwellings and single-person accommodation.
Are shared living arrangements common?
Group households (unrelated people sharing) account for 4.0% of households, well below the Greater Melbourne average of 4.3%. This low rate suggests limited student or young professional shared accommodation.
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EducationSchools & Education in Frankston

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24.1% of adults in Frankston hold a university qualification, including 16.1% with a bachelor degree and 4.8% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 26.0% hold a vocational qualification. 14 schools serve the area, with 4,064 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,031 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.

Detail

Educational attainment in the area reveals notable disparities, as the share of residents holding higher education degrees (24.1%) falls significantly short of the Greater Melbourne benchmark of 37.0%, highlighting a key focus area for local educational programs. Bachelor degrees account for the largest proportion of tertiary credentials at 16.1%, alongside postgraduate awards at 4.8% and graduate diplomas at 3.2%. Vocational and trade training is widely held, with 39.5% of people aged 15 and over possessing technical qualifications, including 26.0% with certificates and 13.5% with advanced diplomas. A substantial 29.3% of the local population is currently enrolled in formal schooling or study, reflecting strong educational participation.

This student cohort comprises 8.9% attending primary schools, 7.1% in secondary education, and 5.6% enrolled in tertiary institutions.

Frequently Asked Questions - Education

What percentage of people in the Frankston SA2 have university qualifications?
24.1% of people aged 15 and over in the Frankston SA2 have university qualifications, compared to 37.0% in the broader region.
What percentage of people in the Frankston SA2 have no formal qualifications?
36.2% of people aged 15 and over in the Frankston SA2 have no formal qualifications, compared to 35.2% regionally.
How does the Frankston SA2's education level compare to national averages?
The frankston sa2 ranks in the 66th percentile nationally for education based on AreaSearch's analysis of qualification and performance metrics.
What types of qualifications are most common in the Frankston SA2?
The most common qualifications in the Frankston SA2 are: Certificate (26.0%), Bachelor Degree (16.1%), Advanced Diploma (13.5%).
What proportion of the Frankston SA2's population is currently attending educational institutions?
29.3% of the population in the Frankston SA2 is currently engaged in formal education, with 8.9% in primary school, 7.1% in secondary school, 5.6% at university.
What is the ICSEA score for schools in the Frankston SA2?
The average ICSEA (Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage) score for schools in the Frankston SA2 is 1031, indicating average socio-educational advantage (national average is 1000).
How many schools are located within the Frankston SA2?
There are 14 schools within the Frankston SA2, with a combined enrollment of approximately 4,064 students.
What types of schools are available in the Frankston SA2?
The frankston sa2 includes 5 primary schools, 9 secondary schools.

Schools Detail

AmenitiesServices & Amenities in Frankston

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Getting AroundTransport & Commuting in Frankston

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Public transport in Frankston reaches 139 stops on 32 routes, timetabled for about 18,400 services a week. The typical home sits about 200 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.1 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.

Detail

Analysis of the local public transport network identifies 139 operational transit stops across Frankston, consisting of bus services. A network of 32 separate routes services these locations, delivering 18,400 passenger trips each week. Overall connectivity is strong, with typical residential distances to the nearest stop measuring 196 meters. Commuter behavior reflects the area's residential profile, with private vehicles serving as the primary travel choice at 88%. Household motor vehicle ownership stands at an average of 1.1 per dwelling, below regional figures, while 22.5% of workers reported working from home at the 2021 Census, which may reflect pandemic-era workplace restrictions.

Across all transit corridors, service frequency averages 2,628 daily trips, which translates to roughly 132 departures per stop on a weekly basis. The 100 transport stops located closest to the geographic centerpoint of the suburb are highlighted on the accompanying map.

Frequently Asked Questions - Transport

How many public transport stops are in Frankston?
There are 139 public transport stops within the Frankston SA2.
How frequent are the transport services in Frankston?
the Frankston SA2 has 18,400 weekly trips across 32 routes, averaging 2,628 trips per day.
How far are residents from public transport in Frankston?
On average, residential properties are 196 meters from the nearest transport stop.

Transport Stops Detail

HealthcareHealth Services in Frankston

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62.7% of residents in Frankston report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 82% of areas nationally. 7.2% need daily assistance with core activities, and 50.5% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 6.2 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.

Detail

AreaSearch health metrics encompassing chronic illness and mortality rates indicate noticeable health challenges in Frankston, with elevated illness rates observed across younger and older demographics alike. Private health insurance coverage is modest, held by approximately 50% of the population (~12,691 people). This proportion is lower than both the Greater Melbourne level of 56.7% and the Australian national rate of 55.7%. Asthma and mental health conditions represent the most prevalent diagnosed ailments in Frankston, affecting 9.4% and 12.2% of residents respectively, whereas 62.7% of locals reported having no long-term medical conditions, compared with 72.6% across Greater Melbourne.

Chronic health issues are notably elevated among working-age individuals. Residents aged 65 and older make up 18.3% of the community (4,609 people), exceeding the Greater Melbourne benchmark of 15.1%, with health measures for older residents presenting distinct challenges while tracking broader national population rankings.

Frequently Asked Questions - Health

How many people in the Frankston SA2 have private health insurance?
Around 50.5% of people in the Frankston SA2 are covered by private health insurance, which compares to 56.7% in the broader region of Greater Melbourne.
What percentage of the population requires ongoing medical assistance in the Frankston SA2?
In the Frankston SA2, 7.2% of the population is identified as requiring ongoing medical assistance. This figure is slightly different from the regional average, where 5.5% of people in Greater Melbourne require similar assistance.
How prevalent is asthma in the Frankston SA2?
9.4% of people in the Frankston SA2 are diagnosed with asthma. In comparison, 7.3% of the population across Greater Melbourne is affected by asthma.
What percentage of people have diabetes in the Frankston SA2?
Diabetes affects 4.3% of the the Frankston SA2 population, while in the surrounding region, 4.1% of people are diagnosed with diabetes.
What is the percentage of people with heart disease in the Frankston SA2?
3.9% of people in the Frankston SA2 have heart disease. Across the region of Greater Melbourne, 3.1% of the population is affected by heart disease.
How does the Frankston SA2 compare to the region in terms of overall private health coverage?
In the Frankston SA2, 50.5% of the population are estimated to have private health insurance. Comparatively, Greater Melbourne sees an estimated private health coverage rate of 56.7%.

Ancestry & LanguageCultural Diversity in Frankston

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Frankston is largely Australian-born, at 75.2% of residents, with 13.5% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (29.3%) and Australian (24.8%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.

Detail

Frankston displays a higher degree of cultural diversity than typical national areas, with 24.8% of its community born overseas and 13.5% speaking a non-English language at home. Christianity forms the predominant faith, accounting for 40.0% of residents. In relative terms, Judaism exhibits a distinct presence, representing 0.3% of local residents compared to 1.0% across Greater Melbourne. Ancestry records reflecting parental origins show English ancestry as the leading background in Frankston at 29.3%, well above the regional standard of 20.1%. Australian ancestry accounts for 24.8%, substantially exceeding the metropolitan figure of 18.4%, followed by Irish heritage at 8.4%.

Several other cultural backgrounds also show divergence from broader trends, including Dutch at 1.9% (vs 1.2%), Russian at 0.6% (vs 0.4% regionally), and Hungarian at 0.4% (vs 0.3%).

Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity

What is the level of cultural diversity in the Frankston SA2?
Frankston was found to be above average in terms of cultural diversity, with 13.5% of its population speaking a language other than English at home and 24.8% born overseas.
What is the most common religion in the Frankston SA2?
The main religion in Frankston was found to be Christianity, which makes up 40.0% of people in Frankston. However, the most apparent overrepresentation was in Judaism, which comprises 0.3% of the population, compared to 1.0% across Greater Melbourne.
What are the top countries of origin in the Frankston SA2?
In terms of ancestry (country of birth of parents), the top three represented groups in Frankston are English, comprising 29.3% of the population, which is substantially higher than the regional average of 20.1%, Australian, comprising 24.8% of the population, which is substantially higher than the regional average of 18.4%, and Irish, comprising 8.4% of the population. Additionally, there are notable divergences in the representation of certain other ethnic groups: Russian is notably overrepresented at 0.6% of Frankston (vs 0.4% regionally), Dutch at 1.9% (vs 1.2%) and Hungarian at 0.4% (vs 0.3%).
How does the percentage of people born overseas compare to the regional average?
24.8% of the the Frankston SA2 population was born overseas, compared to 37.3% regionally.
What percentage of the the Frankston SA2 population speaks a language other than English at home?
13.5% of the population in the Frankston SA2 speaks a language other than English at home, compared to 35.9% in the wider region.
How many people in the Frankston SA2 identify as Australian Aboriginal?
0.9% of the the Frankston SA2 population identifies as Australian Aboriginal, compared to 0.5% in the region.
What is the citizenship status of the population in the Frankston SA2?
83.9% of the the Frankston SA2 population holds citizenship, compared to 81.1% in the wider region.

Age StructureAge Profile of Frankston

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The median resident of Frankston is 39. 25.7% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.

Detail

Frankston's demographic profile closely mirrors Greater Melbourne across every major age group, with the maximum divergence between the four broad categories restricted to 3.2 percentage points. As of August 2026, the estimated median age stands at 39, unchanged from the 2021 Census and 2 years higher than the Greater Melbourne median of 37 recorded at that time. Since the Census, the mature adult cohort aged 45 - 64 has decreased from 25.2% of the local population to an estimated 24.0%. Moving toward 2041, the most substantial population gain will occur within the senior demographic (65+), which is projected to expand by 1,898 residents (41%) to reach 6,507.

Frequently Asked Questions - Age

What is the median age in the Frankston SA2?
AreaSearch estimates the median age in the Frankston SA2 at 39 years as at August 2026. That is in line with the 2021 Census figure of 39 years, on an age profile AreaSearch re-estimates for population change recorded since the Census.
How does the Frankston SA2's median age compare to broader areas?
At an estimated 39 years as at August 2026, Frankston is 2 years older than the Greater Melbourne 2021 Census average (37 years) and comparable to the national Census average (38 years).
What age groups are over-represented in the Frankston SA2?
On AreaSearch estimates updated to August 2026, the most over-represented age group in the Frankston SA2 compared to the Greater Melbourne region is the 65 - 74 group, making up 9.8% of the population.
What age groups are under-represented in the Frankston SA2?
On AreaSearch estimates updated to August 2026, the most under-represented age group in the Frankston SA2 compared to the Greater Melbourne region is the 25 - 34 group, making up 14.4% of the population.
Are there age groups with notable population variances?
No, the age distribution in the Frankston SA2 is broadly in line with the Greater Melbourne region.
What is the percentage of children (0-14 years) in the Frankston SA2?
AreaSearch estimates children aged 0-14 years at 16.4% of the population in the Frankston SA2 as at August 2026.
What is the percentage of older people (65+ years) in the Frankston SA2?
AreaSearch estimates people aged 65 and over at 18.3% of the population in the Frankston SA2 as at August 2026.

Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Frankston

Data currency Refreshed

9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Sep 2026.

Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.

The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section

Section Source & update cycle Currency
Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections
Population ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline.
Age profile ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate.
Development & approvals ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline
Property sales & rents Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents Sep 2026 last month all 21 measures
Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Sep 2026.
Infrastructure projects Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily Aug 2026 2 months ago all 16 projects tracked here
Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2026.
Employment ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) Mar 2026 7 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census.
Education ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) Sep 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Transport ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release Jul 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Services & amenities Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous Sep 2026 last month all 14 measures
Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections
Income ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail.
Health ABS, ATO Annual 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current.
Housing ABS 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures
Households ABS 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures
Cultural diversity ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures

"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.

How the numbers are built

Population

The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 419 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (23,586 at the 2021 Census → 25,131 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.

Age profile

Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".

Property sales

Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.

Rents

Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.

Development & infrastructure

Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.

Employment & income

Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.

Education, transport & amenities

School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.

Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.

Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.

Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (214011371). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.

Common questions about this page

Why can the Frankston SA2 boundary differ from the suburb boundary?
This page uses ABS Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2) boundaries for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP). SA2 areas can differ materially from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, even when they share similar names, because they are defined for different purposes and often use different geographic boundaries.
Where does the data on this Frankston page come from?
AreaSearch compiles this page from official and industry sources — including ABS, Geoscience Australia, Valuer General, Provider directories, DEWR, JSA, State Transport Departments and ACARA — then aggregates them to the boundary shown and calculates the rankings, growth rates and benchmarks itself. Property sales come from the state valuation authority, rents from state rental bond lodgements, development applications from council and state planning portals, school data from ACARA, and public transport from state transport departments.
Is the Frankston data on this page just from the 2021 Census?
No. Most of this page is maintained well beyond the Census. Sourced entirely from current releases: development & approvals (Aug 2026), property sales & rents (Sep 2026), infrastructure projects (Aug 2026) and services & amenities (Sep 2026). Built on a Census baseline but carrying newer measures on top: population (to Aug 2026), age profile (to Aug 2026), employment (to Mar 2026), income (to FY 2023), education (to Sep 2026), transport (to Jul 2026) and health (to 2024). Population and age cohorts in particular are re-based to the latest ABS Estimated Resident Population rather than left at 2021 counts. Only housing, households and cultural diversity remain wholly Census-based, because no more current small-area dataset exists for those measures.

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