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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
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Cranbourne South has an estimated 6,971 residents, up from 3,241 at the 2021 Census — a change of 3,730 people, or 115.1%. Growth has averaged 19.0% a year over five years, faster than 99% of areas nationally. 273 new addresses have been validated here since Census night. Interstate and internal migration accounts for 63.0% of that increase. That puts 349 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to ABS population updates evaluated for the surrounding region alongside new addresses validated by AreaSearch since the Census, the suburb of Cranbourne South has an estimated population of 6,971 as of May 2026. This indicates a rise of 3,730 people (115.1%) from the 2021 Census, when the recorded population was 3,241 people. This adjustment is calculated from the resident population of 6,933, which AreaSearch estimated using the latest ERP data release from the ABS (June 2025) plus 273 validated new addresses since the Census date. With this population level, the density ratio stands at 348 persons per square kilometer, indicating substantial space per inhabitant and scope for additional growth.
The growth of 115.1% in the suburb of Cranbourne South since the 2021 census outpaced the state (9.3%) and national averages, establishing it as a regional growth leader. The primary driver of this population expansion was interstate migration, which accounted for approximately 63.0% of total gains over recent periods, though all factors, including natural increase and overseas migration, contributed positively. AreaSearch relies on ABS/Geoscience Australia projections for individual SA2 regions, published in 2024 using 2022 as the base year. Where SA2 data is unavailable, projections are sourced from the VIC State Government's Regional/LGA projections from 2023, adjusted via weighted aggregation of population growth from LGA to SA2 levels. Growth rates across specific age groups from these aggregations are also utilized for the years 2032 to 2041. Based on these projected demographic changes, a major population expansion placing the suburb of Cranbourne South in the top quartile of national areas is anticipated, with the location projected to add 1,794 persons to 2041 using aggregated SA2-level projections, representing a total increase of 25.2% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
607 new dwellings have been approved in Cranbourne South over the past five years, an average of 121 a year. That places the area in the 95th percentile for residential development activity nationally, about 17 approvals per 1,000 residents a year. Of the 47 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 57% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 124, broadly in line with that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Based on building approval figures from the ABS allocated from statistical area data, approximately 121 new homes have been approved annually in the area, totaling an estimated 607 homes over the last 5 financial years. During the current FY-26114 approvals have been recorded. With an average of 6.6 new residents per year arriving for each constructed dwelling over the 5 financial years between FY-21 and FY-25, demand is outpacing supply, which generally puts upward pressure on prices and heightens buyer competition. Newly constructed homes average a value of $437,000, which is moderately above regional levels and indicates a focus on quality builds.
Furthermore, $7.0 million in commercial development approvals have been logged this financial year, underscoring the primarily residential character of the locality. Development activity per person in the area is 151.0% higher than in Greater Melbourne, providing buyers with more options, even though the pace of development has slowed recently. This level of activity is significantly above the national average, showing strong developer confidence. The new supply consists of 57.0% detached dwellings and 43.0% medium and high-density housing, showing an increasing mix of attached designs that offer choices across various price ranges, from roomy family options to smaller, more affordable dwellings. This is a clear shift from the current housing stock, which is 100.0% houses, showing a decrease in available development sites and reflecting changing lifestyles and demand for more diverse, affordable housing. With approximately 191 people per approval, the area shows the characteristics of a developing locality. Looking forward, the population is projected to grow by 1,755 residents through to 2041 based on the latest quarterly estimate from AreaSearch. Considering current construction patterns, the supply of new housing is expected to easily satisfy demand, creating favorable buyer conditions and potentially supporting population growth beyond current estimates.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Cranbourne South
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks one current infrastructure or development project inside Cranbourne South, worth an estimated $115 million. A further 80 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $14.6 billion. 25 are already under construction and 21 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and transport & logistics. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local infrastructure projects, major developments, and planning schemes have a significant impact on local performance. AreaSearch has identified 14 projects likely to influence the area. Key examples include the Cranbourne West Precinct Structure Plan, Cranbourne West Secondary College, the Western Port Highway Upgrade, and Harli, with the relevant list detailing those expected to have the most direct impact.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Harli
Harli is a 7 Star, all-electric, zero-carbon master planned community in Cranbourne West by Resolution Property Group. The project delivers 181 residential lots with a 2 hectare wetland, staged civil works (Stages 1 and 2 titled in 2024) and final stages targeting titles in Q1 2026.
Western Port Highway Upgrade
Upgrade of two Western Port Highway intersections at Ballarto Road and Cranbourne-Frankston Road, replacing roundabouts with traffic lights, widening intersections with new through lanes and slip lanes, and adding about 1.4 km of shared paths to improve safety and traffic flow. Major construction began in January 2022 and the project was completed in December 2022.
Evolve Skye
Evolve Skye is a masterplanned residential community in Melbournes south east, delivering approximately 1,100 homes. The estate features significant public open space, a future primary school site, and proximity to the newly upgraded Ballarto Road intersections which improved local traffic flow in 2025.
Cranbourne West Precinct Structure Plan
The Cranbourne West Precinct Structure Plan is a 791-hectare framework guiding the transformation of Melbourne's south-east into a mixed-use community. As of 2026, the project is in advanced construction with multiple residential estates active and ongoing infrastructure delivery. The plan facilitates approximately 8,500 dwellings and up to 16,000 jobs, supported by regional transport upgrades and new local town centres.
Potts Road Subdivision (68-74 Potts Road)
Proposed residential subdivision of 68-74 Potts Road in Langwarrin to create new residential lots in an established area. Property history shows prior planning activity at 68 Potts Road including a 31-lot subdivision application in 2016 and an aged care facility delivered in 2020 across 68 and 74 Potts Road. Current subdivision details and status should be confirmed via Frankston City Council's Planning Application Register.
ESR Greenlink Industrial Estate
An industry-leading 79-hectare industrial and logistics estate in Melbourne's south-east, designed with a focus on sustainability and worker wellness. The precinct features 5 and 6 Star Green Star rated facilities, over 4 hectares of parkland, walking tracks, and an on-site cafe. Key tenants include Amazon, CEVA Logistics, Focus on Furniture, and JAS Worldwide. While several warehouses are completed and occupied, final stages including Lot 8 are scheduled for delivery in September 2026.
Aspen Skye
Boutique residential land estate of around 180 residential lots located on the corner of Ballarto Road and McCormicks Road in Skye, featuring direct frontage to the planned Skye Activity Centre and wetlands precinct.
Cranbourne West Secondary College
New secondary college serving growing Cranbourne West community. Modern facilities including science labs, performing arts spaces, sports facilities, and technology-enabled learning environments. Capacity for 1,200 students from Years 7-12.
3,928 residents of Cranbourne South are employed, from a labour force of 4,008. Unemployment sits at 2.0%, with participation at 76.1%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.3% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth, so in an area growing as fast as this one it understates the likely rise in local jobs. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local workforce is highly skilled, with the construction sector showing particularly strong representation. The area has an unemployment rate of only 2.0% and experienced an estimated 12.3% growth in employment over the past year, based on statistical area data aggregated by AreaSearch. In March 2026, 3,928 residents were employed. The unemployment rate is 2.8% below the 4.8% rate of Greater Melbourne, while workforce participation is exceptionally high at 76.1% compared to 70.2% in Greater Melbourne. Census responses show a moderate 20.4% of residents worked from home, though this may have been influenced by COVID-19 lockdowns.
The primary employment sectors for local residents are construction, health care & social assistance, and manufacturing. The concentration of workers in construction is particularly high, at 1.9 times the regional average. Conversely, professional & technical roles are underrepresented, accounting for only 5.1% of the workforce compared to 10.1% in Greater Melbourne. Although local jobs are available, the ratio of the Census working population to the local population suggests a large portion of residents travel to other areas for work. Based on SALM and ABS data aggregated from broader statistical areas, employment rose by 12.3% over the 12 months to March 2026, while the labor force also grew by 12.3%, keeping unemployment stable. In contrast, Greater Melbourne recorded employment growth of 2.1% and labor force growth of 2.3%, with unemployment increasing by 0.2 percentage points. National employment forecasts from Jobs and Skills Australia published in May-25 provide additional context on future demand. These five and ten-year projections have been applied to the local employment profile to estimate future growth trends. While national employment is projected to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, growth rates vary by sector. Applying these industry-specific projections to the local workforce mix suggests employment in the area should rise by 6.3% over five years and 13.1% over ten years, noting this is a simple weighting extrapolation for illustrative purposes that does not incorporate local population projections.
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Cranbourne South is $2,278 a week (about $118,000 a year), with median personal income at $979 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $59,263 a year against an average of $66,909. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
According to the latest postcode-level ATO data aggregated by AreaSearch for financial year 2023, the area has a median taxpayer income of $59,263 and an average taxpayer income of $66,909. These figures align with national averages and compare to a median income of $57,688 and an average income of $75,164 in Greater Melbourne. Adjusted for a Wage Price Index growth of 9.62% since financial year 2023, current estimates would be approximately $64,964 for the median and $73,346 for the average as of March 2026. Based on 2021 Census data, household, family, and personal incomes all rank highly, placing between the 77th and 82nd percentiles nationally.
Looking at income distribution, the $1,500 - 2,999 weekly earnings bracket accounts for 42.9% of the community (2,990 individuals), compared to 32.8% for the same category regionally. High housing costs absorb 16.0% of incomes, but strong earnings keep disposable income in the 81st percentile, and the SEIFA income ranking places the area in the 7th decile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Cranbourne South had 1,060 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 100% detached houses and 0% apartments. 63% are owned with a mortgage, 11% rented and 26% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $470 a week and the median mortgage repayment $2,167 a month, a total housing cost higher than 85% of areas nationally. Rent absorbs 20.6% of household income here and mortgage repayments 22.0%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
At the time of the latest Census, residential properties in the area consisted of 99.7% houses and 0.3% other dwellings like semi-detached homes, apartments, or alternative options, compared to 67.9% houses and 32.1% other dwellings in metropolitan Melbourne. Home ownership was lower than the metropolitan average at 26.4%, with the remaining properties occupied by mortgage holders (62.7%) or tenants (10.9%). The median monthly mortgage payment was higher than the Melbourne metro average at $2,167, and the median weekly rent was $470, compared to metropolitan averages of $2,000 and $390 respectively.
Nationally, mortgage payments are significantly above the Australian average of $1,863, and rents are substantially higher than the national figure of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Cranbourne South counted 1,060 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 2,280 today, averaging 2.9 people each. 44% are couples with children, more than in 87% of areas nationally, against 31% couples without children. 13% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.5 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families make up the vast majority of households at 84.3%, consisting of 43.8% couples with children, 30.8% couples without children, and 8.5% single-parent households. Non-family living arrangements account for the remaining 15.7%, with lone-person households at 13.1% and group households at 2.7% of the total. The median household size is 2.9 people, which is larger than the Greater Melbourne average of 2.6.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
23.3% of adults in Cranbourne South hold a university qualification, including 16.5% with a bachelor degree and 4.1% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 27.9% hold a vocational qualification. 1 school serves the area, with 345 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,013 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational challenges are present in the area, with the university qualification rate of 23.3% sitting well below the Greater Melbourne average of 37.0%. This situation represents both a difficulty and a focus area for future educational programs. Bachelor degrees are the most common qualification at 16.5%, followed by postgraduate degrees at 4.1% and graduate diplomas at 2.7%. Vocational and technical skills are highly prevalent, with 40.1% of residents aged 15+ holding a vocational qualification, consisting of advanced diplomas (12.2%) and certificates (27.9%). Educational enrollment is high, with 27.8% of the population participating in formal education.
This figure includes 10.3% in primary schools, 5.9% in secondary schools, and 4.0% enrolled in tertiary studies.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Cranbourne South reaches 8 stops on 2 routes, timetabled for about 490 services a week. The typical home sits about 910 m from its nearest stop. Households keep an average of 2.2 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transport analysis shows 8 active bus stops operating in the area. These stops are served by 2 separate routes, which combine to support 485 weekly passenger trips. Transport accessibility is considered limited, with residents living an average of 906 meters from the nearest stop. Because this is a residential locality, most workers commute out of the area, with private cars being the main transport mode at 95%. Vehicle ownership stands at 2.2 per home, which is above the metropolitan average. The 2021 Census recorded 20.4% of residents working from home, which may reflect pandemic-related conditions.
Service frequency averages 69 trips per day across all routes, which translates to approximately 60 weekly trips for each individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
72.2% of residents in Cranbourne South report no long-term health condition. 4.0% need daily assistance with core activities, and 53.3% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 4.4 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health outcomes in the area are above average, according to AreaSearch's evaluation of mortality rates and chronic condition prevalence. The occurrence of common medical conditions is low in both younger and older cohorts, and private health insurance coverage is slightly ahead of the average SA2 area at approximately 53% of the population (~3,714 people), compared to 56.7% in Greater Melbourne. Asthma and mental health issues are the most common medical conditions, affecting 8.0 and 7.2% of residents respectively. Meanwhile, 72.2% of the population reported no medical conditions, compared to 72.6% in Greater Melbourne.
Residents under 65 experience better than average health outcomes. Seniors aged 65 and over make up 9.6% of the population (669 people), which is below the Greater Melbourne average of 15.0%. Health outcomes for these older residents are above average, with national rankings aligning with those of the broader population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Cranbourne South is largely Australian-born, at 75.7% of residents, with 20.5% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (27.4%) and Australian (27.1%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity in the area is higher than in most local markets, with 24.3% of residents born overseas and 20.5% speaking a non-English language at home. Christianity is the primary religion, followed by 42.8% of the population. The most distinct overrepresentation is in the Other category, which accounts for 2.5% of residents compared to 2.3% across Greater Melbourne. Looking at parental country of birth, the three largest ancestry groups are English at 27.4% of the population (significantly above the regional average of 20.1%), Australian at 27.1% (well above the regional average of 18.4%), and Other at 10.8%.
There are also distinct concentrations of other backgrounds: Sri Lankan ancestry is represented at 1.0% (vs 0.8% regionally), Dutch at 1.8% (vs 1.2%), and Serbian at 0.5% (vs 0.4%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Cranbourne South is 33, younger than 76% of areas nationally. That is 2 years younger than at the 2021 Census. 27.7% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
With a median age of 33, the population is younger than the Greater Melbourne median of 37 and the national median of 38 years. Compared to Greater Melbourne, the area has a higher share of children aged 5 - 14 (15.8%) but a lower share of seniors aged 65 - 74 (5.2%). The population has grown younger since the 2021 Census, with the median age falling 1.7 years from 35 to 33. Specifically, the 35 to 44 age cohort rose from 14.1% to 19.5% of the population, and the 5 to 14 cohort grew from 12.5% to 15.8%.
In contrast, the 55 to 64 group shrank from 11.8% to 8.0%, and the 65 to 74 group fell from 8.7% to 5.2%. Demographic projections indicate the age profile will change significantly by 2041, with the 45 to 54 cohort expected to grow by 417 people (53%), rising from 780 to 1,198.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Cranbourne South
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to May 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to May 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Jun 2026 2 months ago headline measures · May 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Aug 2025 about a year ago all 1 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2025. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 5 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 this month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 273 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for May 2026, not a 2021 count (3,241 at the 2021 Census → 6,971 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to May 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL20665). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.