Kelmscott

Suburb (SAL)

Greater Perth / Armadale

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Data Sources ABSValuer GeneralRental BoardACARA Newest Aug 2026 · Refreshed ABS QuickStats SAL50748 How we calculate this
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Suburb (SAL) Boundary Analysis

This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.

SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.

Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.

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Sales ActivityProperty Sales Trends in Kelmscott

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DemographicsPopulation Growth in Kelmscott

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Kelmscott has an estimated 11,416 residents, up from 10,575 at the 2021 Census — a change of 841 people, or 8.0%. Growth has averaged 0.8% a year over five years. Overseas migration accounts for 77.0% of that increase. That puts 759 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.

Detail

As of Aug 2026, the suburb of Kelmscott has an estimated population of around 11,416, according to AreaSearch evaluations combining broader regional ABS population releases with newly validated addresses post-Census. When compared against the 10,575 residents recorded in the 2021 Census, this marks an expansion of 841 people (8.0%). This figure builds upon an Estimated Resident Population of 11,352 determined by AreaSearch following the ABS June 2025 ERP release, alongside 94 validated new addresses recorded after the Census date. Kelmscott features a population density of 759 persons per square kilometer, aligning closely with typical benchmarks across AreaSearch assessed localities.

The local post-census expansion rate of 8.0% sits within 1.5 percentage points of the 9.5% nationwide benchmark, highlighting solid underlying demographic momentum. Overseas migration served as the primary growth engine for the suburb of Kelmscott, generating roughly 77.0% of recent population additions. Projections for the suburb of Kelmscott incorporate ABS and Geoscience Australia SA2 modeling published in 2024 using 2022 as a base year, supplemented post-2032 and across uncovered SA2 geographies by cohort-specific growth rates from the ABS 2023 Greater Capital Region dataset (anchored to 2022 figures). Taking these demographic trajectories into account, long-term expansion is tracking just beneath the national statistical area median. By 2041, aggregated SA2 projections indicate the suburb of Kelmscott will expand by 901 persons, representing an overall gain of 7.3% across the 16 years.

Frequently Asked Questions - Population

What is the latest population estimate for the suburb of Kelmscott?
Total population for the suburb of Kelmscott was estimated to be approximately 11,416 as at Aug 26. This is based upon an estimated resident population of 11,352 from the ABS up to June 2025.
How has the population in the suburb of Kelmscott changed since 2021?
The suburb of kelmscott has added approximately 841 people and shown a 7.95% increase from the 10,575 people recorded at the 2021 Census period.
What is the population density in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The population density in the suburb of Kelmscott is estimated at 759 persons per square kilometer based on the latest population estimate.
How much has the population grown over the past 10 years in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Over the past 10 years, the population in the suburb of Kelmscott has shown a compound annual growth rate of 0.5% per annum.
What are the main drivers of population growth in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Population growth in the suburb of Kelmscott is driven by: Overseas migration (77.0%), Natural increase (23.0%), Interstate migration (0.0%). The primary driver is Overseas migration, contributing 77.0% of overall population gains.

Residential SupplyHousing Development & Building Approvals in Kelmscott

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151 new dwellings have been approved in Kelmscott over the past five years, an average of 30 a year. That places the area in the 53rd percentile for residential development activity nationally, about 3 approvals per 1,000 residents a year. Of the 32 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 78% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 41, running ahead of that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.

Detail

Analysis of ABS building approvals by AreaSearch indicates that Kelmscott has averaged around 30 residential approvals annually, accumulating an estimated 151 homes across the past 5 financial years. During FY-25 to date, 41 approvals have been documented. Between FY-21 and FY-25, the area experienced an average annual influx of 2.7 people per newly built home over the past 5 financial years, signaling healthy underlying demand that underpins local property values, with new residential construction averaging an estimated value of $409,000. In addition, commercial approvals have reached $7.8 million during this financial year, reflecting a modest commercial development footprint.

Residential building activity in Kelmscott trails Greater Perth significantly, running 73.0% below regional average per person. This constrained pipeline of new stock generally provides strong support for established property values and buyer demand. Building volumes also track beneath national benchmarks, highlighting the established status of the locality and pointing to possible planning constraints. Of all new residential construction, detached dwellings make up 78.0% while attached dwellings account for 22.0%, reinforcing the established low-density landscape and catering to families prioritizing space. A quiet local development setting is further evidenced by a ratio of roughly 326 people per approved dwelling. Long-term demographic projections indicate that Kelmscott will add 837 residents through to 2041 relative to the most recent AreaSearch quarterly estimate. Existing levels of construction activity seem properly balanced against projected demand, underpinning stable market conditions while mitigating severe pricing stress.

Frequently Asked Questions - Development

How many dwelling approvals have occurred in the suburb of Kelmscott recently?
Dwelling approval activity in the the suburb of Kelmscott area has seen 58 residential approvals over the past two financial years, based on AreaSearch's SA2 aggregation method. The suburb of Kelmscott's current population of 11,416 has been supported by 30 approvals on average over recent years.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott's development activity compare to the broader region?
The suburb of Kelmscott has seen 0.29 approvals per 100 people in recent years, compared to 0.72 approvals in the broader region. This means that one dwelling has been approved for every 326 people in the suburb of Kelmscott, compared to one for every 118 in the broader region.
Is the suburb of Kelmscott keeping up with housing demand?
With the population expected to increase by 837 people by 2041, around 419 new dwellings will be necessary. Recent approval levels appear more than sufficient to meet these forecasts, considering the census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling. This suggests that population growth may exceed trend projections in the coming years, supported by a robust housing supply.
What has been the trend in development approvals over the past five years in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Looking at development activity over the past five years, the suburb of Kelmscott's approval levels have been slightly above the yearly average of 30, showing modest growth in recent years.
How many dwellings will be needed to accommodate future population growth in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The population in the suburb of Kelmscott is expected to grow by 837 people by 2041, necessitating approximately 419 new dwellings. This calculation is based on the current census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling in the area.
How does recent development compare to population growth in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Over the past five years, the population in the suburb of Kelmscott has grown by approximately 1,567 people, while 151 residential approvals were recorded. This equates to a ratio of 10.4 people added for each new dwelling approval. This high ratio suggests strong population growth relative to housing supply, potentially indicating unmet housing demand.
Are there opportunities for residential developers in the suburb of Kelmscott?
With dwelling approval activity running at an average of 30 approvals per year and a population of 11,416, the market appears to be adequately supplied relative to projected housing demand in recent years, suggesting that developers should have a longer-term approach when considering new projects. With the population expected to increase by 837 people by 2041, around 419 new dwellings will be necessary. Recent approval levels appear more than sufficient to meet these forecasts, considering the census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling. This suggests that population growth may exceed trend projections in the coming years, supported by a robust housing supply.
Approvals Pipeline Development applications near Kelmscott

Development applications around Kelmscott

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SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.

Project PipelineInfrastructure & Major Projects in Kelmscott

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AreaSearch tracks 7 current infrastructure and development projects inside Kelmscott, worth an estimated $1.36 billion. A further 33 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $9.76 billion. 9 are already under construction and 7 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans sports & recreation, residential development and education & training. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.

Detail

Infrastructure investments, planning frameworks, and major works play a pivotal role in shaping local community growth and outcomes. AreaSearch has pinpointed 17 projects expected to influence the district, with key initiatives including the Armadale Strategic Metropolitan Centre Redevelopment, Kelmscott District Centre Precinct Structure Plan, Kelmscott Senior High School Sports Hall and Arts Centre, and West of Rail Precinct.

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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure

What are some of the major infrastructure and planning changes likely to influence the suburb of Kelmscott?
Key infrastructure and planning changes likely to influence the suburb of Kelmscott include: Armadale Strategic Metropolitan Centre Redevelopment (Construction); Kelmscott District Centre Precinct Structure Plan (Under Assessment); Kelmscott Senior High School Sports Hall and Arts Centre (Approved); West of Rail Precinct (Planning); and Armadale Courthouse and Police Complex (Completed). These projects represent significant developments that will shape the area's future infrastructure landscape.
What types of infrastructure projects are impacting the suburb of Kelmscott?
Infrastructure development impacting the suburb of Kelmscott spans multiple sectors including Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal, Residential Development, and Education & Training, among others.
What is the scale of infrastructure investment impacting the suburb of Kelmscott?
Infrastructure investment analysis indicates substantial capital deployment exceeding $1.6 billion in projects that will impact the extended area, with a notable concentration of investment within the immediate the suburb of Kelmscott vicinity.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott's infrastructure development compare to other areas?
The suburb of Kelmscott shows moderate infrastructure development relative to national averages, with opportunities for future growth and investment.
Armadale Strategic Metropolitan Centre Redevelopment
Category: Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 2028
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

A major urban transformation centered on the METRONET Armadale Line upgrade, featuring an elevated rail line and newly rebuilt Armadale Station which reopened for passenger services in October 2025. Construction is underway on the $14.8 million Central Park project (Karlup Journey Place), creating a vibrant civic heart under the elevated tracks with nature play, water play, and public spaces. The precinct redevelopment supports a projected population of 150,000 by 2046 with integrated mixed-use commercial and residential opportunities.

Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal

West of Rail Precinct
Category: Residential Development
Stage: Planning | Est. Comp: 2028
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Approximately 10.84-hectare triangular area of under-utilised land bound by the Armadale Train Line to the east, Forrest Road and Fifth Road, planned to become an inner-city residential precinct with medium-density housing close to Armadale train station and town centre facilities. The precinct was normalized to City of Armadale planning control on 6 May 2022, with an Activity Centre Plan approved in August 2021 guiding future development. The ongoing METRONET Armadale Line transformation, including elevated rail and new station, will enhance connectivity and support precinct redevelopment.

Residential Development

Kelmscott District Centre Precinct Structure Plan
Category: Precincts & Urban Renewal
Stage: Under Assessment | Est. Comp: 0
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Comprehensive precinct structure plan for the Kelmscott town centre, covering the area generally between Kelmscott train station in the north and the commercial core to the south. The plan guides future development, encourages redevelopment and improves streetscapes through zoning changes, building height controls and an implementation framework. It integrates with the METRONET Denny Avenue Level Crossing Removal project to create a better-functioning district centre with mixed-use residential, commercial and community outcomes. Potential yield ranges from 1,047 dwellings (potential scenario) to 3,468 dwellings (full scenario).Council recommended WAPC approval in February 2023; the plan is currently being assessed by the Department of Planning, Lands and Heritage on behalf of the WAPC. A concurrent Town Planning Scheme No. 4 Amendment No. 124 was initiated by Council in October 2023 and is progressing through EPA referral and Ministerial approval to commence advertising.

Precincts & Urban Renewal

Armadale Courthouse and Police Complex
Category: National Security
Stage: Completed | Est. Comp: 2023
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

A $88.5 million state-of-the-art courthouse and police complex officially opened in November 2023. The 14,000 square metre facility combines services previously delivered from three separate locations and can accommodate approximately 350 police officers. It features five courtrooms, pre-trial conference rooms, and separate secure facilities for victims of crime.

National Security

Seville Grove Sustainable Housing Estate
Category: Residential Development
Stage: Completed | Est. Comp: 2024
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Completed sustainable housing development featuring environmentally friendly design, tree-lined avenues, rehabilitated wetland areas, mandatory rainwater tanks and water-efficient home design. First WA estate with mandatory rainwater tanks.

Residential Development

Champion Lakes Regatta Centre and Precinct
Category: Sports & Recreation
Stage: Completed | Est. Comp: 2023
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

State-of-the-art rowing and canoeing facility with international standard course, spectator facilities and community recreation areas. World-class water sports venue serving as regional sporting hub.

Sports & Recreation

Morgan Park Redevelopment
Category: Sports & Recreation
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 2026
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

City of Armadale redevelopment of the 6.67 hectare Morgan Park precinct including a new multi-use sports pavilion, public toilets, expanded car parking, upgraded playspace, relocated sports lighting, reconfigured football and athletics facilities, exercise nodes and improved pedestrian connections. Site works are underway following design completion and contractor appointment, with staged construction continuing through 2026.

Sports & Recreation

Armadale Hospital Emergency Department Upgrade
Category: Health
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 0
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Ongoing works to expand and upgrade the Emergency Department at Armadale Health Service, serving Perth's south-eastern corridor. Works include a waiting room expansion and reconfiguration of treatment areas to improve patient flow, capacity, and care for the rapidly growing Armadale catchment. The hospital is part of the East Metropolitan Health Service and sees more than 60,000 ED presentations annually.

Health

Jobs & IndustryEmployment Trends in Kelmscott

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5,546 residents of Kelmscott are employed, from a labour force of 6,056. Unemployment sits at 8.4%, with participation at 64.3%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.0% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 10,294, about 90% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.

Detail

Kelmscott maintains a diverse workforce spanning both blue-collar and white-collar roles, supported by robust representation in industrial and manufacturing fields, an unemployment rate of 8.4%, and an estimated employment increase of 1.5% over the preceding year, as aggregated by AreaSearch from statistical area metrics. By March 2026, employed residents totaled 5,546, while the jobless rate sits 4.2% above Greater Perth's 4.2% benchmark, highlighting scope for improvement alongside a participation rate (64.3%) that trails Greater Perth's 69.9%. Census records indicate that only 5.2% of workers performed their duties from home, though period Covid-19 restrictions must be kept in mind.

Local workers are predominantly engaged in health care & social assistance, construction, and retail trade. The workforce displays a clear specialisation in transport, postal & warehousing, where the local concentration is 1.4 times the regional level. Conversely, professional & technical roles account for only 4.6% of local employment, underperforming the 8.2% recorded across Greater Perth. The balance between resident workers and local jobs in Census metrics suggests that this largely residential community provides limited employment opportunities within its borders. According to AreaSearch's synthesis of ABS and SALM data across broader statistical divisions, the 12 months to March 2026 saw local employment rise by 1.5% alongside a 2.0% expansion in the labour force, pushing the unemployment rate up by 0.5 percentage points. By comparison, Greater Perth recorded employment growth of 2.0%, a labour force expansion of 2.5%, and an unemployment uptick of 0.4 percentage points. Looking ahead, national forecasts from Jobs and Skills Australia as of Mar-26 provide context for future employment demand in Kelmscott over five and ten-year horizons. Nationally, total employment is projected to expand by 6.6% across five years and 13.7% over ten years, though trajectories diverge widely across sectors. Applying these industry growth rates to Kelmscott's workforce composition projects local employment expansion of 6.0% over five years and 12.8% over ten years (note that this illustrative model applies simple industry weighting and excludes localized population projections).

Frequently Asked Questions - Employment

What is the employment situation in the suburb of Kelmscott?
As of March 2026, the suburb of Kelmscott has approximately 5,546 employed residents with an unemployment rate of 8.4%. The elevated unemployment rate suggests challenging labour market conditions. The area faces employment challenges compared to other regions nationally.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott's unemployment rate compare to the broader region?
As of March 2026, the unemployment rate in the suburb of Kelmscott stands at 8.4%, which is 4.2 percentage points above Greater Perth's rate of 4.2%. This higher unemployment rate may indicate local labour market challenges. For comparison, the national unemployment rate is 4.2%.
What are the major employment sectors in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The employment landscape in the suburb of Kelmscott is dominated by several key sectors. The largest employers are health care & social assistance (14.2% of employment), construction (11.1%), and retail trade (10.8%). Other significant employers include education & training and transport, postal & warehousing.
How has employment changed recently in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Over the past year to March 2026, the suburb of Kelmscott has experienced employment growth, with total employment increasing while the labour force increased. As a result, the unemployment rate has rise. By comparison, Greater Perth saw employment increased and its unemployment rate rose.
What is the workforce participation rate in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The workforce participation rate in the suburb of Kelmscott is 64.3%, which represents the proportion of working-age residents who are either employed or actively seeking work. This healthy participation rate reflects good employment opportunities and workforce engagement. The local rate trailing the Greater Perth average of 69.9%, suggesting potential for increased workforce participation.
Which industries are over-represented in the suburb of Kelmscott's employment market?
The suburb of kelmscott shows notable specialization in transport, postal & warehousing, which employs 6.7% of the local workforce compared to 4.7% regionally. This moderate specialization indicates some local strength in the sector.
What are the employment growth prospects for the suburb of Kelmscott?
Based on Jobs and Skills Australia projections applied to the suburb of Kelmscott's industry mix, employment is expected to grow by 6.0% over the next five years and 12.8% over ten years. This compares to national growth expectations of 6.6% over five years. Steady growth is anticipated across multiple sectors, providing diverse employment opportunities.
How does the job market in the suburb of Kelmscott compare nationally?
The suburb of kelmscott's employment market shows weaker performance compared to most areas nationally. This suggests the need for targeted economic development initiatives. Recent job advertisement trends show the broader employment region saw a 0.1% decline, ranking 14.0th out of 37 regions nationally.
What employment opportunities exist for skilled workers in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Skilled workers will find good opportunities in the suburb of Kelmscott, with skilled sectors accounting for 29.9% of employment. Key sectors for skilled workers include health care & social assistance (14.2%), education & training (9.2%), and professional & technical (4.6%). With projected employment growth of 6.0% over five years, demand for skilled workers is expected to remain strong.

EarningsHousehold Income in Kelmscott

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Median household income in Kelmscott is $1,355 a week (about $70,000 a year), with median personal income at $682 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $52,920 a year against an average of $66,606. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.

Detail

ATO postcode-level data for financial year 2023 aggregated by AreaSearch shows that taxpayers in the suburb of Kelmscott generated a median income of $52,920 and an average income of $66,606. These figures sit slightly below the national benchmark and trail the Greater Perth figures of $60,748 (median) and $80,248 (average). Adjusting for a 10.93% rise in the Wage Price Index since financial year 2023 yields updated estimates of roughly $58,704 (median) and $73,886 (average) as of March 2026. Across national income distributions, Census data places Kelmscott personal, family, and household earnings between the 24th and 25th percentiles.

The single largest income bracket comprises 29.8% of residents (3,401 people) earning $1,500 - 2,999, mirroring the regional pattern where this group represents 32.0%. High housing costs place considerable pressure on household finances, leaving only 83.6% of disposable income and positioning the area in the 24th percentile nationwide.

Frequently Asked Questions - Income

What is the median taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated median taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott is approximately $58,704. The official ATO data from FY-23 recorded a median of $52,920.
What is the average taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated average taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott is approximately $73,886. The official ATO data from FY-23 recorded an average of $66,606.
How does the median taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott compare to the region?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated median taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott is approximately $58,704 compared to $67,388 in Greater Perth. The official ATO data from FY-23 shows $52,920 and $60,748 respectively.
How does the average taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott compare to the region?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated average taxable income in the suburb of Kelmscott is approximately $73,886 compared to $89,019 in Greater Perth. The official ATO data from FY-23 shows $66,606 and $80,248 respectively.
What are the main income cohorts in the suburb of Kelmscott according to the 2021 Census?
As per the 2021 Census, the income bracket containing the largest proportion (~29.8% / 3,401 persons) of the suburb of Kelmscott's population is the $1,500 - 2,999 cohort.
How do the main income cohorts in the suburb of Kelmscott compare to the region?
The largest income cohort in the suburb of Kelmscott is the $1,500 - 2,999 group, representing about 29.8% of the population. In comparison, Greater Perth's largest income cohort is the $1,500 - 2,999 group, representing 32.0% of its population, according to the 2021 Census.
What is the median household income in the suburb of Kelmscott according to the 2021 Census?
The 2021 Census data indicates that the median household income in the suburb of Kelmscott is $1,355/wk.
What is the median family income in the suburb of Kelmscott according to the 2021 Census?
According to the 2021 Census, the median family income in the suburb of Kelmscott is $1,702/wk.
What is the median personal income in the suburb of Kelmscott according to the 2021 Census?
The 2021 Census shows that the median personal income in the suburb of Kelmscott is $682/wk.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott's income rank nationally?
The suburb of Kelmscott shows a median taxpayer income of $52,920 and an average of $66,606 according to the latest postcode level ATO data aggregated by AreaSearch for FY-23. This is slightly lower than average on a national basis, contrasting with Greater Perth's median income of $60,748 and average income of $80,248. Based on Wage Price Index growth of 10.93% since FY-23, current estimates would be approximately $58,704 (median) and $73,886 (average) as of March 2026.
What is the disposable income in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The estimated disposable income in the suburb of Kelmscott is $4,906 per year according to AreaSearch analysis.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott's disposable income compare to the region?
The suburb of kelmscott's disposable income is $4,906 compared to $6,842 for Greater Perth, based on AreaSearch analysis.

Housing StockHousing & Dwellings in Kelmscott

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Kelmscott had 4,089 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 82% detached houses and 2% apartments. 41% are owned with a mortgage, 27% rented and 31% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $290 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,500 a month. Rent absorbs 21.4% of household income here and mortgage repayments 25.5%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.

Detail

The local housing stock recorded at the most recent Census consisted of 81.6% houses and 18.4% other dwellings (incorporating apartments, semi-detached properties, and 'other' dwellings), compared with Perth metro's composition of 77.8% houses and 22.1% other dwellings. Outright home ownership in Kelmscott exceeded the Perth metro average, reaching 31.2%, while remaining households held a mortgage (41.4%) or rented (27.4%). Typical monthly mortgage payments stood well beneath the Perth metro benchmark of $1,907 at $1,500, and typical weekly rent sat at $290 against $350 for Perth metro. From an Australia-wide perspective, mortgage servicing costs in Kelmscott remain noticeably below the $1,863 national median, with weekly rental rates also tracking substantially beneath the national average of $375.

Frequently Asked Questions - Housing

What percentage of homes are owned vs rented in the suburb of Kelmscott?
In the suburb of Kelmscott, 31.2% of homes are owned outright, 41.4% are owned with a mortgage, and 27.4% are rented.
What percentage of dwellings in the suburb of Kelmscott are houses?
According to the latest data, 81.6% of dwellings in the suburb of Kelmscott are houses.
What percentage of dwellings in the suburb of Kelmscott are apartments or units?
In the suburb of Kelmscott, 2.1% of dwellings are apartments or units, with an additional 15.6% being semi-detached dwellings.
What is the level of outright home ownership in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Outright home ownership in the suburb of Kelmscott stands at 31.2%, compared to 29.3% in Greater Perth.
What is the median monthly mortgage repayment in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The median monthly mortgage repayment in the suburb of Kelmscott is $1,500, compared to $1,907 in Greater Perth.
What is the median weekly rent in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The median weekly rent in the suburb of Kelmscott is $290, compared to $350 in Greater Perth.
What is the distribution of rental prices in the suburb of Kelmscott?
In the suburb of Kelmscott, 5.8% of rentals are $0-149/week, 74.7% are $150-349/week, 18.4% are $350-649/week, 1.1% are $650-949/week, and 0.0% are $950+/week.
What is the average monthly housing cost in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The aggregate monthly housing cost in the suburb of Kelmscott is $965, which represents the average monthly cost across all housing types.
What percentage of income do residents spend on housing in the suburb of Kelmscott?
In the suburb of Kelmscott, households with mortgages typically spend 25.5% of their income on mortgage repayments, while renters spend 21.4% of their income on rent.
How crowded are homes in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The average persons per bedroom ratio in the suburb of Kelmscott is 0.7, indicating the level of household density.
How does housing affordability in the suburb of Kelmscott compare to the region?
Housing affordability in the suburb of Kelmscott shows mortgage holders spending 25.5% of income on repayments (vs 23.6% regionally), while renters spend 21.4% of income on rent (vs 18.8% regionally).
What types of dwellings are most common in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The dwelling mix in the suburb of Kelmscott consists of 81.6% detached houses, 15.6% semi-detached dwellings, 2.1% apartments, and 0.7% other dwelling types.
What is the weighted average housing cost based on tenure mix in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Accounting for the local ownership mix, the weighted average monthly housing cost is approximately $965. This accounts for outright owners paying no housing costs, mortgage holders paying $1,500/month, and renters paying $1,256/month.
How affordable is housing in the suburb of Kelmscott relative to local incomes?
Housing in Kelmscott consumes approximately 16.4% of median household income ($5,867 monthly), indicating costs are highly affordable. The generally accepted benchmark is that housing should not exceed 30% of household income.
How do proposed developments compare to existing housing types in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Recent development applications in Kelmscott show attached dwellings contributing 29% of approvals compared to 18% of existing stock, while detached houses represent 71% of applications versus 82% of current dwellings. This suggests increasing densification. Density increases remain below national trends.

HouseholdsHousehold Composition in Kelmscott

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Kelmscott counted 4,089 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 4,414 today, averaging 2.4 people each. 25% are couples with children, against 25% couples without children. 30% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.8 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.

Detail

Family households represent the primary living arrangement, accounting for 66.6% of all households; this includes couples with children (25.1%), couples without children (25.4%), and single parent families (14.4%). The remaining 33.4% consists of non-family households, led by single-person residences at 29.9% and group households at 3.4%. Average household occupancy sits at a median of 2.4 people, slightly below the 2.6 recorded across Greater Perth.

Frequently Asked Questions - Households

How many households are in the suburb of Kelmscott?
As of the 2021 Census, the suburb of Kelmscott had 4,089 households. Based on population growth patterns, this has grown by approximately 7.9% to an estimated 4,414 households today.
What is the typical household size?
The median household size in the suburb of Kelmscott is 2.4 people. This compares to 2.6 in Greater Perth and reflects the area's household composition mix.
What types of households are most common?
Family households dominate at 66.6% of all households. The remaining households consist of lone person households (29.9%), group households (3.4%), and other household types (0.0%).
How are families structured in the area?
Among the 2,723 family households, 25.1% are couples with children, 25.4% are couples without children at home, and 14.4% are single parent families. This mix shapes local demand for schools, family services, and housing types.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott compare to regional household patterns?
Compared to Greater Perth, the suburb of Kelmscott shows distinct household patterns. This higher proportion of single-person households drives demand for smaller dwellings and different community services.
What is the average family size?
Families in the suburb of Kelmscott have an average of 1.8 children, slightly above the Greater Perth average of 1.6. This influences local demand for child-related services and larger family homes.
What are the marriage patterns in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Marriage patterns reveal 40.3% of the adult population are currently married, while 38.3% have never married. This compares to 47.6% married and 36.1% never married across Greater Perth.
How significant are single-person households?
Single-person households represent 29.9% of all households in the suburb of Kelmscott, similar to the regional average of 24.9%. This affects demand for smaller dwellings and single-person accommodation.
Are shared living arrangements common?
Group households (unrelated people sharing) account for 3.4% of households, well below the Greater Perth average of 3.5%. This low rate suggests limited student or young professional shared accommodation.
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EducationSchools & Education in Kelmscott

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16.9% of adults in Kelmscott hold a university qualification, including 12.0% with a bachelor degree and 2.8% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 31.5% hold a vocational qualification. 5 schools serve the area, with 2,318 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 991 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.

Detail

Educational attainment in the area presents opportunities for growth, as the proportion of tertiary-qualified residents (16.9%) is well below the Australian benchmark of 30.4%, creating a strong case for focused educational strategies. Among higher education credentials, bachelor degrees represent 12.0%, followed by postgraduate qualifications at 2.8% and graduate diplomas at 2.1%. In contrast, vocational and technical qualifications are widespread, with 42.0% of individuals aged 15+ holding vocational credentials, including advanced diplomas (10.5%) and certificates (31.5%). A significant share of the community is engaged in study, with 29.1% of residents currently undertaking formal education.

This student cohort includes 10.7% attending primary education, 8.4% enrolled in secondary education, and 3.8% engaged in tertiary education.

Frequently Asked Questions - Education

What percentage of people in the suburb of Kelmscott have university qualifications?
16.9% of people aged 15 and over in the suburb of Kelmscott have university qualifications, compared to 30.1% in the broader region.
What percentage of people in the suburb of Kelmscott have no formal qualifications?
40.9% of people aged 15 and over in the suburb of Kelmscott have no formal qualifications, compared to 35.6% regionally.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott's education level compare to national averages?
The suburb of kelmscott ranks in the 41th percentile nationally for education based on AreaSearch's analysis of qualification and performance metrics.
What types of qualifications are most common in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The most common qualifications in the suburb of Kelmscott are: Certificate (31.5%), Bachelor Degree (12.0%), Advanced Diploma (10.5%).
What proportion of the suburb of Kelmscott's population is currently attending educational institutions?
29.1% of the population in the suburb of Kelmscott is currently engaged in formal education, with 10.7% in primary school, 8.4% in secondary school, 3.8% at university.
What is the ICSEA score for schools in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The average ICSEA (Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage) score for schools in the suburb of Kelmscott is 991, indicating below-average socio-educational advantage compared to the national average of 1000.
How many schools are located within the suburb of Kelmscott?
There are 5 schools within the suburb of Kelmscott, with a combined enrollment of approximately 2,318 students.
What types of schools are available in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The suburb of kelmscott includes 3 primary schools, 2 secondary schools.

Schools Detail

AmenitiesServices & Amenities in Kelmscott

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Getting AroundTransport & Commuting in Kelmscott

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Public transport in Kelmscott reaches 98 stops on 9 routes, timetabled for about 1,700 services a week. The typical home sits about 210 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.4 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.

Detail

Public transport connectivity in Kelmscott is supported by 98 active stops accommodating both train and bus networks. A total of 9 distinct routes operate through these stops, generating 1,693 weekly scheduled trips. Network access is favorable, with local residents situated an average distance of 212 meters from their nearest transit point. Commuter patterns reflect the suburb's residential role, with private vehicle travel serving as the primary transport mode at 84%, alongside 10% by train, and vehicle ownership averaging 1.4 per dwelling. Meanwhile, a modest 5.2% of workers operated from home at the 2021 Census, a metric that may reflect prevailing COVID-19 circumstances.

Across all transit lines, service frequency averages 241 daily trips, which translates to roughly 17 weekly trips for each transport stop.

Frequently Asked Questions - Transport

How many public transport stops are in Kelmscott?
There are 98 public transport stops within the suburb of Kelmscott.
How frequent are the transport services in Kelmscott?
the suburb of Kelmscott has 1,693 weekly trips across 9 routes, averaging 241 trips per day.
How far are residents from public transport in Kelmscott?
On average, residential properties are 212 meters from the nearest transport stop.

Transport Stops Detail

HealthcareHealth Services in Kelmscott

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64.5% of residents in Kelmscott report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 77% of areas nationally. 5.9% need daily assistance with core activities, and 53.6% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 6.0 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.

Detail

Health indicators compiled by AreaSearch on chronic disease and mortality point to notable health challenges in Kelmscott, with elevated prevalence of standard medical conditions evident among both younger and older residents. Meanwhile, private health insurance coverage sits slightly above typical SA2 standards at approximately 54% of the population (~6,123 people), compared with 59.0% recorded across Greater Perth. Mental health issues and arthritis represent the two most widespread conditions locally, affecting 10.2 and 8.9% of residents respectively, while 64.5% of the community reported having no diagnosed health conditions compared with 71.9% throughout Greater Perth.

Chronic health issues are notably elevated across working-age residents. Seniors aged 65 and over constitute 19.5% of the local population (2,226 people), above the Greater Perth proportion of 15.9%. Overall health outcomes among older residents present certain challenges while aligning broadly with nationwide benchmarks for the broader population.

Frequently Asked Questions - Health

How many people in the suburb of Kelmscott have private health insurance?
Around 53.6% of people in the suburb of Kelmscott are covered by private health insurance, which compares to 59.0% in the broader region of Greater Perth.
What percentage of the population requires ongoing medical assistance in the suburb of Kelmscott?
In the suburb of Kelmscott, 5.9% of the population is identified as requiring ongoing medical assistance. This figure is slightly different from the regional average, where 4.6% of people in Greater Perth require similar assistance.
How prevalent is asthma in the suburb of Kelmscott?
7.9% of people in the suburb of Kelmscott are diagnosed with asthma. In comparison, 6.8% of the population across Greater Perth is affected by asthma.
What percentage of people have diabetes in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Diabetes affects 5.6% of the the suburb of Kelmscott population, while in the surrounding region, 4.0% of people are diagnosed with diabetes.
What is the percentage of people with heart disease in the suburb of Kelmscott?
4.0% of people in the suburb of Kelmscott have heart disease. Across the region of Greater Perth, 3.3% of the population is affected by heart disease.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott compare to the region in terms of overall private health coverage?
In the suburb of Kelmscott, 53.6% of the population are estimated to have private health insurance. Comparatively, Greater Perth sees an estimated private health coverage rate of 59.0%.

Ancestry & LanguageCultural Diversity in Kelmscott

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31.5% of Kelmscott residents were born overseas and 12.1% speak a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (33.4%) and Australian (24.1%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.

Detail

Cultural diversity in Kelmscott exceeds that of most regional markets, with 31.5% of residents born abroad and 12.1% communicating in a language other than English in their households. Christianity forms the dominant religious affiliation, representing 42.8% of the local population. The most prominent statistical variance occurs in the Other category, which accounts for 1.2% locally versus 1.4% across Greater Perth. Regarding ancestral backgrounds based on parental birthplace, the leading group in Kelmscott is English at 33.4% of the population, well above the 28.0% regional benchmark, followed by Australian ancestry at 24.1% and Other at 8.4%.

Several specific ethnic heritages also show distinctive concentrations: Dutch residents represent 2.6% of Kelmscott compared with 1.5% regionally, Welsh ancestry accounts for 0.8% against 0.7%, and Maori ancestry stands at 1.1% versus 0.9%.

Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity

What is the level of cultural diversity in the suburb of Kelmscott?
Kelmscott was found to be more culturally diverse than the vast majority of local markets, with 12.1% of its population speaking a language other than English at home and 31.5% born overseas.
What is the most common religion in the suburb of Kelmscott?
The main religion in Kelmscott was found to be Christianity, which makes up 42.8% of people in Kelmscott. However, the most apparent overrepresentation was in Other, which comprises 1.2% of the population, compared to 1.4% across Greater Perth.
What are the top countries of origin in the suburb of Kelmscott?
In terms of ancestry (country of birth of parents), the top three represented groups in Kelmscott are English, comprising 33.4% of the population, which is substantially higher than the regional average of 28.0%, Australian, comprising 24.1% of the population, and Other, comprising 8.4% of the population. Additionally, there are notable divergences in the representation of certain other ethnic groups: Dutch is notably overrepresented at 2.6% of Kelmscott (vs 1.5% regionally), Welsh at 0.8% (vs 0.7%) and Maori at 1.1% (vs 0.9%).
How does the percentage of people born overseas compare to the regional average?
31.5% of the the suburb of Kelmscott population was born overseas, compared to 37.7% regionally.
What percentage of the the suburb of Kelmscott population speaks a language other than English at home?
12.1% of the population in the suburb of Kelmscott speaks a language other than English at home, compared to 22.0% in the wider region.
How many people in the suburb of Kelmscott identify as Australian Aboriginal?
2.8% of the the suburb of Kelmscott population identifies as Australian Aboriginal, compared to 1.4% in the region.
What is the citizenship status of the population in the suburb of Kelmscott?
83.4% of the the suburb of Kelmscott population holds citizenship, compared to 83.0% in the wider region.

Age StructureAge Profile of Kelmscott

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The median resident of Kelmscott is 40. 26.4% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.

Detail

Age distributions in Kelmscott align closely with Greater Perth across all primary age brackets, with the greatest variance across the four broad cohorts measuring 3.6 percentage points. The median age as at August 2026 is estimated by AreaSearch at 40, matching the 2021 Census figure and remaining 3 years older than the Greater Perth median of 37 recorded during that Census. Since the Census, the cohort encompassing middle aged and young retiree residents (45 - 64) has decreased from 25.8% to an estimated 23.7%. Looking ahead to 2041, older residents and retirees (65+) will drive future demographic gains, adding 997 residents (45%) to reach a total of 3,223.

Conversely, cohorts covering children, young adults, and young to middle aged adults are forecast to contract across this timeframe.

Frequently Asked Questions - Age

What is the median age in the suburb of Kelmscott?
AreaSearch estimates the median age in the suburb of Kelmscott at 40 years as at August 2026. That is in line with the 2021 Census figure of 40 years, on an age profile AreaSearch re-estimates for population change recorded since the Census.
How does the suburb of Kelmscott's median age compare to broader areas?
At an estimated 40 years as at August 2026, Kelmscott is 3 years older than the Greater Perth 2021 Census average (37 years) and 2 years older than the national Census average (38 years).
What age groups are over-represented in the suburb of Kelmscott?
On AreaSearch estimates updated to August 2026, the most over-represented age group in the suburb of Kelmscott compared to the Greater Perth region is the 65 - 74 group, making up 10.2% of the population.
What age groups are under-represented in the suburb of Kelmscott?
On AreaSearch estimates updated to August 2026, the most under-represented age group in the suburb of Kelmscott compared to the Greater Perth region is the 35 - 44 group, making up 13.3% of the population.
Are there age groups with notable population variances?
No, the age distribution in the suburb of Kelmscott is broadly in line with the Greater Perth region.
What is the percentage of children (0-14 years) in the suburb of Kelmscott?
AreaSearch estimates children aged 0-14 years at 17.5% of the population in the suburb of Kelmscott as at August 2026.
What is the percentage of older people (65+ years) in the suburb of Kelmscott?
AreaSearch estimates people aged 65 and over at 19.5% of the population in the suburb of Kelmscott as at August 2026.

Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Kelmscott

Data currency Refreshed

9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.

Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.

The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section

Section Source & update cycle Currency
Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections
Population ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline.
Age profile ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate.
Development & approvals ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jun 2026 baseline
Property sales & rents Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents Aug 2026 last month all 21 measures
Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026.
Infrastructure projects Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily Aug 2026 last month all 7 projects tracked here
Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2026.
Employment ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census.
Education ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Transport ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Services & amenities Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures
Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections
Income ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail.
Health ABS, ATO Annual 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current.
Housing ABS 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures
Households ABS 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures
Cultural diversity ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures

"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.

How the numbers are built

Population

The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 94 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (10,575 at the 2021 Census → 11,416 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.

Age profile

Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".

Property sales

Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.

Rents

Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.

Development & infrastructure

Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.

Employment & income

Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.

Education, transport & amenities

School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.

Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.

Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.

Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL50748). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.

Common questions about this page

How do Kelmscott suburb boundaries differ from Statistical Areas?
This page uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries (suburb-style geography). SAL represents commonly-known suburb names used in addresses, while Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census/statistical reporting. Even when sharing the same name, SAL and SA2 boundaries often cover different geographic areas with different populations.
Where does the data on this Kelmscott page come from?
AreaSearch compiles this page from official and industry sources — including ABS, Geoscience Australia, Valuer General, Provider directories, DEWR, JSA, State Transport Departments and ACARA — then aggregates them to the boundary shown and calculates the rankings, growth rates and benchmarks itself. Property sales come from the state valuation authority, rents from state rental bond lodgements, development applications from council and state planning portals, school data from ACARA, and public transport from state transport departments.
Is the Kelmscott data on this page just from the 2021 Census?
No. Most of this page is maintained well beyond the Census. Sourced entirely from current releases: development & approvals (Aug 2026), property sales & rents (Aug 2026), infrastructure projects (Aug 2026) and services & amenities (Jul 2026). Built on a Census baseline but carrying newer measures on top: population (to Aug 2026), age profile (to Aug 2026), employment (to Mar 2026), income (to FY 2023), education (to Aug 2026), transport (to Jul 2026) and health (to 2024). Population and age cohorts in particular are re-based to the latest ABS Estimated Resident Population rather than left at 2021 counts. Only housing, households and cultural diversity remain wholly Census-based, because no more current small-area dataset exists for those measures.

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