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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
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White Gum Valley has an estimated 3,850 residents, up from 3,358 at the 2021 Census — a change of 492 people, or 14.7%. Growth has averaged 2.3% a year over five years, faster than 83% of areas nationally. Overseas migration accounts for 50.0% of that increase. That puts 3,291 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to AreaSearch evaluations combining post-Census validated addresses with broader ABS updates, the suburb of White Gum Valley reaches an estimated population of approximately 3,850 as of Aug 2026. This equates to an expansion of 492 residents (14.7%) from the 3,358 individuals counted in the 2021 Census. Underlying this projection is an ERP resident estimate of 3,824 established by AreaSearch via the ABS June 2025 data release, alongside 33 validated new addresses recorded after the Census date. Demographic density stands at 3,290 persons per square kilometer, positioning the suburb in the upper quartile across AreaSearch's national assessments.
Outpacing the 9.5% nationwide benchmark, the suburb of White Gum Valley's 14.7% post-2021 Census expansion establishes it as a local growth standout. Inbound international migration served as the foremost catalyst, generating roughly 50.0% of recent population additions, while natural increase and interstate movements likewise registered positive contributions. AreaSearch incorporates ABS/Geoscience Australia projections across individual SA2 zones, which were published in 2024 utilizing 2022 as the base year. For unrepresented SA2 zones or post-2032 modeling, calculations apply cohort growth rates from the ABS Greater Capital Region projections released in 2023 from 2022 data. Over the 16 years running to 2041, aggregated SA2 figures anticipate the suburb of White Gum Valley to expand by 678 persons, an overall rise of 16.9% that places its forward trajectory above the median of statistical areas reviewed by AreaSearch.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
171 new dwellings have been approved in White Gum Valley over the past five years, an average of 34 a year. That places the area in the 69th percentile for residential development activity nationally, about 9 approvals per 1,000 residents a year. Of the 36 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 11% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 10, well below that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
ABS building approval statistics compiled by AreaSearch indicate an annual pace of roughly 34 residential dwellings sanctioned in White Gum Valley, accumulating to an estimated 171 homes across the past 5 financial years, including 10 approvals logged during FY-25 so far. Reflecting solid market appetite that bolsters local real estate values, an average of 2.3 new residents per year per dwelling occurred over the past 5 financial years (between FY-21 and FY-25). Newly sanctioned homes average $962,000 in expected construction cost, demonstrating developer emphasis on high-end, premium residential offerings. Non-residential development comprised $7.1 million in commercial approvals during the current financial year, underlining the district's primarily residential nature.
Per capita residential construction activity in White Gum Valley exceeds the Greater Perth benchmark by 86.0%, widening options for prospective purchasers despite a recent moderation in building volume. Approved additions consist of 11.0% detached dwellings alongside 89.0% medium and high-density housing formats. This emphasis on medium and higher density provides accessible pathways for first-home buyers, downsizers, and property investors. It also marks a significant shift from the current established landscape (where houses make up 81.0%), reflecting constraints on vacant land, shifting lifestyle needs, and the pursuit of diverse, affordable dwellings. An expanding market is further underscored by a density of approximately 140 people per dwelling approval. Forward demographic projections indicate an increase of 652 residents in White Gum Valley through to 2041, relative to the latest AreaSearch quarterly estimate. Prevailing building rates appear well-calibrated to satisfy incoming housing demand, creating supportive market conditions for buyers and potentially facilitating expansion above current baseline projections.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around White Gum Valley
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| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 41 current infrastructure and development projects close to White Gum Valley, worth an estimated $24.5 billion. 15 are already under construction and 14 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and sports & recreation. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local capital works, major developments, and town planning schemes play a vital role in shaping community progression. Currently, no projects have been identified by AreaSearch as having a direct impact on the locality. Surrounding regional initiatives of interest include Stockland Nara, Future of Fremantle Waterfront, Lylo Pod Hotel, and Henderson St, Fremantle.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
Denotes AI-based impression for illustrative purposes only, not to be taken as definitive under any circumstances. Please follow links and conduct other investigations from the project's source for actual imagery. Developers and project owners wishing us to use original imagery please Contact Us and we will do so.
Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Monument East
Mixed-use residential redevelopment by Locus comprising 57 townhouses, 24 apartments and 7 commercial tenancies within the Knutsford precinct. Stage 1 and Stage 2 are under construction, Stage 3 has commenced construction, and Stage 4 has been announced. Overall project completion is expected during 2027.
East Village at Knutsford
A 1.5-hectare sustainable residential precinct and 'living laboratory' in Fremantle. The development features 36 all-electric townhomes and an apartment building designed to the One Planet Living framework, targeting 80% reductions in grid energy and mains water use through shared battery storage and rainwater harvesting.
Preston Point Residences
Boutique riverfront residential development in East Fremantle comprising 28 luxury apartments with direct Swan River views, designed by MJA Studio and developed by Match as a high-end, low-rise apartment building.
Stockland Nara
A $250 million all-electric medium-density community at Beaconsfield featuring 206 architecturally designed one to three-storey townhouses with one to four bedrooms. Designed in collaboration with Plus Architecture and built by Northerly Group, the development includes 26% open green space, smart home automation, 8.8kW solar systems with 10.1kWh battery storage, and no strata fees with green title ownership. Stage 1 homes are fully settled, the first Stage 2 homeowners have moved in, and Stage 3 is now selling with construction underway, offering three-bedroom townhouses from $1.29 million and move-in from mid-2027.Located 900 metres from South Beach and 2 kilometres from Fremantle's cultural precinct, the community offers a sustainable coastal lifestyle with 7-star energy ratings as standard.
East Fremantle Aged Care Facility
A new purpose-built aged care facility in East Fremantle designed to provide high-quality residential care with modern amenities, therapy spaces, and landscaped gardens for elderly residents.
Fremantle Oval Precinct Masterplan
Unanimously approved masterplan to redevelop the Fremantle Oval precinct with upgraded football facilities, improved spectator experience, better community access, event capability, affordable housing opportunities, and refurbishment of the historic Victoria Pavilion. The City of Fremantle is currently seeking State and Federal funding to progress detailed design and delivery.
The Point Palmyra
Proposed mixed use development on the former Palmyra Bowling Club site, comprising 98 apartments above ground floor commercial tenancies, delivering new housing and local shops close to Fremantle in partnership between 10 Development and DevelopmentWA.
14 Silas Street Mixed Use Development
Owned and developed by Luke Beumont Barrett, the project at 14 Silas Street in East Fremantle involves a multi-storey mixed-use development on a 211m² corner site adjacent to the East Fremantle Medical Centre. The scheme integrates ground-floor commercial and professional suites with residential apartments on upper floors. The development has been granted planning approval by the Town of East Fremantle.
1,978 residents of White Gum Valley are employed, from a labour force of 2,098. Unemployment sits at 5.7%, with participation at 69.9%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.8% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth, so in an area growing as fast as this one it understates the likely rise in local jobs. The working-day population is estimated at 3,172, about 82% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Workforce analysis via AreaSearch aggregated data shows White Gum Valley maintains a well-educated labor base with prominent representation across essential services and an unemployment rate of 5.7%. As of March 2026, employed residents total 1,978, with local unemployment sitting 1.5% higher than the Greater Perth figure of 4.2% and labor force participation matching the broader metropolitan level at 69.9%. Census records indicate a modest 12.7% of employed locals worked from home, a metric that may have been shaped by Covid-19 lockdown conditions. Health care & social assistance, education & training, and professional & technical disciplines constitute the primary fields of employment for local residents.
The suburb displays an exceptional concentration in education & training, where its representation stands at 1.4 times the regional proportion. Conversely, retail trade is comparatively small, engaging only 5.5% of White Gum Valley workers relative to 9.3% across Greater Perth. The balance between local working population counts and resident totals highlights the area's predominantly suburban character, featuring limited commercial employment within its boundaries. SALM and ABS datasets analyzed by AreaSearch reveal that over the 12 months to March 2026, the local workforce contracted by 2.9% alongside a 2.5% reduction in employment, translating into an unemployment rate decline of 0.3 percentage points. Over the same timeframe across Greater Perth, jobs grew by 2.0%, the labor pool enlarged by 2.5%, and joblessness increased by 0.4 percentage points. Long-term perspective is provided by Jobs and Skills Australia's Mar-26 national employment outlooks, which project national employment growth of 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years. Mapping these five and ten-year sectoral outlooks onto the local industry composition yields an estimated local job increase of 6.8% over five years and 14.2% over ten years (note that this represents a simple weighted extrapolation for illustration and excludes localized demographic forecasts).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in White Gum Valley is $1,891 a week (about $98,000 a year), with median personal income at $930 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $53,504 a year against an average of $83,152. The average runs 55% above the median, a wider spread than most areas and a sign of a concentrated group of high earners. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
ATO tax figures for financial year 2023 evaluated by AreaSearch show taxpayers in the suburb of White Gum Valley generated a median income of $53,504 and an average of $83,152, ranking among the nation's top tiers and contrasting with Greater Perth medians of $60,748 and averages of $80,248. Factoring in subsequent Wage Price Index expansion of 10.93% since financial year 2023, March 2026 estimates reach approximately $59,352 (median) and $92,241 (average). In the 2021 Census, individual, family, and household earnings situated the suburb near the 64th percentile nationwide. Weekly incomes between $1,500 - 2,999 form the largest bracket at 27.1% of residents (1,043 people), closely mirroring the 32.0% regional cohort.
High-earning individuals making over $3,000 weekly comprise 30.8%, demonstrating substantial local spending capacity. While residential costs absorb 15.6% of income, disposable earnings remain sound at the 59th percentile, with the community's SEIFA income position placing it in the 7th decile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
White Gum Valley had 1,297 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 81% detached houses and 10% apartments. 40% are owned with a mortgage, 29% rented and 31% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $320 a week and the median mortgage repayment $2,167 a month. Rent absorbs 16.9% of household income here and mortgage repayments 26.4%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Census records show White Gum Valley's housing stock consisted of 80.6% houses and 19.4% other dwellings (incorporating semi-detached structures, units, and alternative formats), compared against 77.8% houses and 22.1% other dwellings throughout the Perth metro area. Outright home ownership stood at 30.6%, closely matching metropolitan levels, while properties carrying a mortgage accounted for 40.0% and rental accommodation comprised 29.4%. Median monthly mortgage costs reached $2,167, noticeably higher than the Perth metro figure of $1,907 and the Australian average of $1,863. Conversely, median weekly rent was $320, sitting below the metropolitan benchmark of $350 and the nationwide level of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
White Gum Valley counted 1,297 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 1,487 today, averaging 2.4 people each. 29% are couples with children, against 24% couples without children. 29% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.4 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families constitute the majority of living arrangements at 64.8% of households, consisting of 29.4% couples with children, 23.5% couples without children, and 11.0% single parent arrangements. Non-family dwellings make up the remaining 35.2%, comprising single-person households at 29.0% and shared group homes at 6.1%. Average occupancy sits at 2.4 people per household, marginally below the Greater Perth metric of 2.6.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
43.8% of adults in White Gum Valley hold a university qualification, including 27.8% with a bachelor degree and 11.4% with postgraduate qualifications, higher than 91% of areas nationally. A further 16.9% hold a vocational qualification. 1 school serves the area, with 258 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,112 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Tertiary educational attainment among White Gum Valley residents aged 15+ is exceptionally strong at 43.8%, significantly outperforming the 27.9% WA state mark and the 28.6% SA4 region standard, positioning the workforce advantageously for knowledge-intensive industries. Bachelor degrees constitute the largest share at 27.8%, followed by postgraduate degrees at 11.4% and graduate diplomas at 4.6%. Technical qualifications are also widely held, with 27.3% of the 15+ population possessing vocational credentials, divided into 16.9% certificates and 10.4% advanced diplomas. Formal study participation is substantial across the suburb, with 28.9% of residents actively enrolled in education.
This cohort includes 8.3% attending primary school, 7.3% in secondary education, and 6.9% engaged in higher tertiary study.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in White Gum Valley reaches 19 stops on 6 routes, timetabled for about 1,100 services a week. The typical home sits about 140 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.3 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transport connectivity in the suburb of White Gum Valley is supported by 19 active bus stops across 6 distinct transit routes, generating a combined 1,091 weekly passenger trips. Access to public transit is rated as excellent, with dwellings situated an average of 136 meters from their closest stop. Given the area's residential profile, outward commuting prevails, with private vehicles accounting for 74% of journeys, followed by 12% by train and 7% by bus. Vehicle ownership stands at an average of 1.3 per dwelling, below regional norms, while 12.7% of workers reported working from home in the 2021 Census, potentially influenced by pandemic conditions.
Transit services provide an average frequency of 155 trips per day across the network, translating to approximately 57 weekly trips per individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
70.5% of residents in White Gum Valley report no long-term health condition. 6.4% need daily assistance with core activities, and 60.2% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 6.0 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health indicators for the local community remain generally favorable, with AreaSearch evaluations of general health and mortality mirroring national baselines across younger and older demographics, while private health insurance enrollment is extraordinarily prevalent, covering approximately 60% of the population (2,318 people). Mental health concerns and arthritis represent the most prevalent diagnosed conditions, affecting 10.2 and 7.1% of the population, respectively. Meanwhile, 70.5% of locals reported no long-term medical ailments, comparable to the 71.9% proportion observed throughout Greater Perth. Health profiles across the working-age cohort remain standard, with seniors aged 65 and over representing 16.0% of the community (616 people) and registering national rankings consistent with broader population trends.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
30.3% of White Gum Valley residents were born overseas and 17.2% speak a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (29.7%) and Australian (20.4%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity in White Gum Valley is pronounced compared to most Australian localities, with 30.3% of residents born abroad and 17.2% utilizing a non-English language in their homes. Christianity forms the largest religious affiliation, encompassing 35.3% of the community. In relative terms, Judaism exhibits a notable presence at 0.1% of local residents, compared to 0.3% recorded across Greater Perth. Regarding parental lineage and ancestry, the most widespread backgrounds identified are English at 29.7%, Australian at 20.4%, and Irish at 10.2%. Distinct concentrations also appear among other cultural heritages, including Italian at 7.6% (compared to 4.2% across the wider region), French at 1.5% (against 0.5% regionally), and Croatian at 1.2% (versus 0.8%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of White Gum Valley is 40. That is 1 year younger than at the 2021 Census. 23.6% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
Age distributions in White Gum Valley align closely with broader metropolitan patterns, displaying a maximum variance of 3.5 percentage points across the primary age categories relative to Greater Perth. AreaSearch calculates a median age of 40 as at August 2026, shifting down from 41 at the 2021 Census and sitting 3 years higher than the Greater Perth 2021 Census benchmark of 37. The mature working and pre-retirement group aged 45 - 64 has reduced from 29.2% at the Census to an estimated 24.7%. Looking ahead to 2041, senior cohorts aged 65+ are slated to drive the majority of demographic expansion, increasing by 365 residents (59%) to a total of 981.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for White Gum Valley
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jun 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 last month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, Local governments Daily | May 2026 4 months ago all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 33 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (3,358 at the 2021 Census → 3,850 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL51593). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.