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This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.
SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).
Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
ABS ERP | -- people | --
2021 Census | -- people
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Upwey - Tecoma has an estimated 9,883 residents, up from 9,777 at the 2021 Census — a change of 106 people, or 1.1%. That puts 1,112 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to research from AreaSearch, the resident count in Upwey - Tecoma stands at roughly 9,883 as of Aug 2026. Relative to the 9,777 people recorded during the 2021 Census, this represents a net gain of 106 people (1.1%). This estimate incorporates an ABS estimated resident population of 9,867 dated June 2025 alongside 18 validated new addresses registered post-Census. Population density currently settles at 1,111 persons per square kilometer, aligning closely with typical benchmarks evaluated by AreaSearch. The local expansion rate of 1.1% trails the wider SA3 area (3.6%) by 2.5 percentage points, highlighting steady demographic momentum.
Inbound overseas migration formed the primary catalyst for growth, generating approximately 53.5% of recent population increases. Projections compiled by ABS/Geoscience Australia (2024 release using a 2022 baseline) are applied to each SA2 district, supplemented where necessary by 2023 VIC State Government Regional/LGA figures aggregated to SA2 scales via weighted growth modelling. These age-specific growth trajectories are extended across all territories for the 2032 to 2041 timeframe. Looking forward, this demographic modelling anticipates a contraction across the area, projecting a net decrease of 231 persons by 2041. In contrast to this aggregate decline, older demographics are set to expand, most notably the 75 to 84 age group with an anticipated increase of 287 people.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
50 new dwellings have been approved in Upwey - Tecoma over the past five years, an average of 10 a year. That is 1.0 approvals per 1,000 residents. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Residential building authorisations in Upwey - Tecoma have tracked at approximately 10 new homes per annum, accumulating to 50 homes across the preceding 5 financial years. Alongside a shrinking population over recent times, this pipeline has maintained an evenly matched supply-demand dynamic, providing ample selection for purchasers, with newly approved residences carrying an average construction cost of $513,000. In addition, $697,000 worth of non-residential commercial approvals were logged during this financial year, underscoring the dominant focus on housing. Compared with the broader Greater Melbourne region, new residential activity in Upwey - Tecoma is markedly subdued, trailing the per-capita regional benchmark by 72.0%.
A constrained flow of additions generally underpins demand and pricing resilience across established properties. Approvals also sit below national rates, pointing to an established urban footprint alongside prospective planning limitations. Single-family detached houses constitute 90.0% of recently approved dwellings, while townhouses or apartments make up the remaining 10.0%, preserving the traditional low-density suburban landscape favored by family households. A ratio of approximately 1153 people per dwelling approval further signals an established residential environment. Given that forward demographic estimates point toward population plateaus or contractions, structural housing pressure should soften across Upwey - Tecoma, creating favorable conditions for incoming buyers.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Upwey - Tecoma
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 67 current infrastructure and development projects close to Upwey - Tecoma, worth an estimated $18.8 billion. 16 are already under construction and 13 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, transport & logistics and sports & recreation. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Infrastructure upgrades, public planning frameworks, and capital investments play a defining role in shaping local community growth. AreaSearch has highlighted 1 significant project with likely influence over the area. Notable regional developments include the Fairpark Reserve, Six Senses Resort And Spa At Burnham Beeches, Angliss Hospital Expansion, and the Dandenong Ranges Environmental Protection Program.
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Angliss Hospital Expansion
A $112 million major redevelopment featuring a new four-storey, all-electric tower. The expansion delivers a 32-bed inpatient unit, four state-of-the-art operating theatres, a new central sterile supply department, and expanded outpatient and allied health services. Major structural works were completed in July 2025, and the project is currently in the fit-out and final construction phase to increase surgical capacity for the Knox and Yarra Ranges communities.
Six Senses Resort And Spa At Burnham Beeches
$100-million transformed Burnham Beeches into Australia's first Six Senses resort, offering 43-room hotel, wellness retreat, restaurant, bar, and 39 luxury glamping spots for a total of 82 accommodations.
Kings Park Masterplan
Knox City Council's long-term master plan to upgrade Kings Park, a key sporting and recreation precinct. Stage 1 delivers a fully fenced dog park featuring two distinct off-leash zones, sealed path circuits, picnic seating, drinking fountains, and site drainage improvements. Future stages for parkland enhancement remain subject to council planning and annual capital works budgeting.
Dorset Road Extension
Proposed 3km southern extension of Dorset Road from its current terminus at Burwood Highway, Ferntree Gully, through the long-standing road reservation to Napoleon Road and on to Lysterfield Road. The preferred option identified in the business case is a four-lane divided arterial with new and upgraded signalised intersections, a new bridge over Corhanwarrabul Creek, bus priority infrastructure and separated walking and cycling paths. The extension would close a major north-south gap in the Knox road network, where connectivity between Ferntree Gully and the Lysterfield and Rowville areas currently relies on discontinuous secondary routes, pushing traffic onto residential streets and contributing to above-average crash rates.Major Road Projects Victoria completed planning, traffic modelling, social and environmental investigations on behalf of the Australian Government, and business cases for the extension and the companion Napoleon Road Upgrade were finalised in early 2022. Infrastructure Australia's evaluation returned a benefit-cost ratio of 0.64 and a net present value of negative 117.4 million dollars, and the proposal was not added to the Infrastructure Priority List as investment-ready. The Australian Government withdrew its funding commitment in the October 2022-23 Budget and the project remains unfunded. Knox City Council continues to advocate for delivery, and the completed planning work means the corridor could be revived quickly if funding is restored. Construction was previously estimated to support around 627 direct jobs and roughly 1,552 flow-on jobs.
Bluett Reserve Playground Upgrade
As part of the 2025-26 capital works program, Knox City Council is investing in the renewal of local playgrounds, including the one at Bluett Reserve in Ferntree Gully. The project aims to improve the recreational facilities for the local community.
Ferntree Gully Village Creative Placemaking Plan
Community-driven arts and cultural development project transforming public spaces in Ferntree Gully Village through murals, sculptures, lightbox galleries, and parklet upgrades to enhance safety, community connection, and local pride.
Woolworths Ferntree Gully eCommerce Expansion
A comprehensive 14-week upgrade project to enhance the store's direct-to-boot operations and eCommerce capabilities. The initiative focused on expanding store facilities and improving click-and-collect services through major store extension, civil works, installation of new precast panels, structural steel frameworks, a new canopy, and significant refrigeration and cool room works. All construction was executed within a live trading environment to minimize disruption to daily store operations.
13 Mountain Gate Drive Townhouses
A residential development featuring three 2-bedroom townhouses, each spanning two storeys, designed for modern and spacious living. Located in Ferntree Gully within the City of Knox. The development application has been submitted with estimated completion in mid-2026.
5,786 residents of Upwey - Tecoma are employed, from a labour force of 5,984. Unemployment sits at 3.3%, with participation at 74.4%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.5% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 7,783, about 79% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Upwey - Tecoma maintains an educated resident workforce with substantial representation in foundational community services, an unemployment rate sitting at 3.3%, and annual estimated employment growth of 1.4%. In March 2026, employed residents numbered 5,786, while the jobless rate was 1.5% below the Greater Melbourne level of 4.8%, accompanied by a participation rate of 74.4% compared to 70.1% across Greater Melbourne. Census records indicated that 33.3% of workers performed their duties remotely, although pandemic-related restrictions during that period should be noted. The leading employment sectors among the local populace are health care & social assistance, education & training, along with construction.
Workforce concentration in education & training is pronounced, recording an employment share 1.4 times greater than the regional benchmark. Conversely, the finance & insurance sector accounts for a smaller footprint, employing only 2.5% of local workers versus 4.9% across Greater Melbourne. The community functions largely as a dormitory suburb, providing limited commercial job volume within its boundaries relative to the resident worker base. AreaSearch evaluations of ABS and SALM figures indicate that during the 12 months leading to March 2026, resident employment expanded by 1.4% against a 1.8% expansion in the total labour force, pushing the unemployment rate up by 0.4 percentage points. Across Greater Melbourne over the identical window, jobs grew by 2.1%, the workforce rose by 2.3%, and unemployment lifted by 0.2 percentage points. Longer-term workforce trajectory can be contextualised using Jobs and Skills Australia national forecasts from Mar-26 across five- and ten-year horizons. Nationally, total employment is projected to expand by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, with distinct variation by industry. Weighting these sectoral projections against Upwey - Tecoma's resident employment distribution implies potential local employment expansion of 6.5% over five years and 13.4% over ten years (representing an illustrative weighting model that excludes localized population adjustments).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Upwey - Tecoma is $2,148 a week (about $112,000 a year), with median personal income at $902 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $58,557 a year against an average of $71,506. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
Postcode-level taxation statistics from the ATO aggregated by AreaSearch for financial year 2023 place the median taxpayer income in Upwey - Tecoma at $58,557, alongside a mean of $71,506. This exceeds national norms, while comparing against Greater Melbourne figures of $57,688 (median) and $75,164 (average). Factoring in a 9.62% rise in the Wage Price Index since financial year 2023 yields updated March 2026 estimates of roughly $64,190 for the median and $78,385 for the mean. At the 2021 Census, aggregate household, family, and individual earnings placed the community around the 71st percentile nationally.
Income brackets show a concentration in the $1,500 - 2,999 range, encompassing 36.0% of the local population (3,557 people), which aligns with the 32.8% observed across the wider vicinity. Residents preserve 86.7% of gross earnings after meeting accommodation expenses, supporting strong discretionary capacity and an overall SEIFA income placement in the 7th decile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Upwey - Tecoma had 3,527 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 98% detached houses and 1% apartments. 55% are owned with a mortgage, 11% rented and 35% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $375 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,950 a month. Rent absorbs 17.5% of household income here and mortgage repayments 20.9%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
The residential landscape in Upwey - Tecoma is overwhelmingly dominated by standalone houses, which accounted for 97.8% of the housing stock at the last Census compared to 2.2% across medium/high-density formats (semi-detached, apartments, and alternative structures), contrasting with Greater Melbourne where the split stood at 67.9% houses versus 32.1% other dwellings. Outright home ownership reached 34.6%, outpacing the metropolitan norm, while remaining properties were held under a mortgage (54.5%) or occupied by tenants (11.0%). Typical monthly mortgage commitments stood at $1,950, below the Melbourne metropolitan figure of $2,000, while median weekly rent was recorded at $375 against $390 regionally.
In a nationwide context, mortgage repayments sit above the Australian standard of $1,863, with weekly rental costs matching the broader Australian figure of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Upwey - Tecoma counted 3,527 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.7 people each. 39% are couples with children, more than in 78% of areas nationally, against 27% couples without children. 19% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.6 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Family units constitute 78.8% of local households, encompassing couples with children at 39.4%, couples without children at 27.1%, and one-parent families at 11.7%. Non-family living arrangements account for the remaining 21.2%, split between single-person dwellings at 19.3% and shared group residences at 2.0%. The community registers an average household size of 2.7 people, marginally higher than the Greater Melbourne standard of 2.6.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
32.9% of adults in Upwey - Tecoma hold a university qualification, including 20.9% with a bachelor degree and 7.4% with postgraduate qualifications, higher than 85% of areas nationally. A further 23.5% hold a vocational qualification. 4 schools serve the area, with 1,629 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,075 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational attainment in the area is prominent across the broader region, with 32.9% of residents aged 15+ holding tertiary degrees compared to the SA3 benchmark of 23.8%. Within this cohort, bachelor degrees comprise 20.9%, postgraduate credentials represent 7.4%, and graduate diplomas account for 4.6%. Vocational qualifications are similarly widespread, held by 36.7% of the population aged 15+, consisting of advanced diplomas at 13.2% and certificate-level awards at 23.5%. A significant proportion of the local community is actively engaged in study, with 28.6% of residents attending educational institutions. Breakdown by tier shows 9.6% participating in primary schooling, 7.9% in secondary programs, and 4.7% enrolled in tertiary courses.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Upwey - Tecoma reaches 55 stops on 11 routes, timetabled for about 2,100 services a week. The typical home sits about 270 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.8 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transport connectivity across Upwey - Tecoma is supported by 55 bus stops distributed across the territory. These facilities are served by 11 distinct routes that deliver a combined 2,119 passenger services on a weekly basis. Accessibility is favorable, with residents situated an average distance of 267 meters from their nearest boarding point. As an outlying residential district, the vast majority of workers travel outbound, with private vehicles accounting for 89% of commutes compared to 6% by rail. Vehicle availability averages 1.8 cars per household, surpassing the regional norm. Additionally, 33.3% of employed residents worked from home during the 2021 Census, a figure potentially influenced by prevailing COVID-19 settings.
Public transport operations provide an average frequency of 302 daily trips throughout the network, translating to roughly 38 weekly departures per boarding point.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
68.4% of residents in Upwey - Tecoma report no long-term health condition. 3.9% need daily assistance with core activities, and 54.9% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 4.1 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health indicators across Upwey - Tecoma trend favorably when compared to broader metrics, with AreaSearch analysis of chronic illness rates and mortality revealing a reduced incidence of major health conditions across both younger and older residents. Concurrently, private health insurance coverage is solid, held by approximately 55% of all residents (~5,425 people). Asthma and mental health conditions represent the most prevalent diagnoses locally, reported by 9.0% and 9.8% of the populace respectively, while 68.4% of residents reported having no ongoing medical conditions compared to 72.6% regionally. Health measures within the working-age demographic track standard benchmarks.
Residents aged 65 and over constitute 17.3% of the community (1,709 people), exceeding the 15.1% proportion observed across Greater Melbourne, with senior cohorts displaying above-average wellness outcomes relative to national standards.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Upwey - Tecoma is largely Australian-born, at 82.5% of residents, with 6.3% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (31.0%) and Australian (25.9%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity measures for Upwey - Tecoma register below metropolitan averages, with Australian-born citizens comprising 82.5% of the populace, Australian citizenship held by 92.3%, and 93.7% speaking exclusively English within the home. Christianity represents the primary stated faith, encompassing 31.4% of local residents. In terms of relative divergence, Judaism represents 0.2% of the local population in comparison to 1.0% across Greater Melbourne. Examining parental heritage, the three most widespread ancestries in Upwey - Tecoma are English at 31.0% (exceeding the regional level of 20.1%), Australian at 25.9% (above the 18.4% regional average), and Irish at 10.1%.
Variances also appear across several smaller demographic cohorts, including Dutch ancestry at 2.9% versus 1.2% regionally, Polish at 1.0% versus 0.8%, and Hungarian at 0.5% versus 0.3%.
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Upwey - Tecoma is 41. 21.5% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The age distribution of Upwey - Tecoma aligns closely with metropolitan benchmarks, with no primary age segment diverging by more than 9.2 percentage points from Greater Melbourne shares. The median age is an estimated 41 as at August 2026, identical to the 2021 Census figure and 4 years older than the Greater Melbourne median of 37 recorded at that time. Seniors and retirees (65+) have expanded from 14.5% at the Census to an estimated 17.3% of all residents. By 2041, these older cohorts are expected to experience the greatest absolute growth, expanding by 329 (19%) to reach 2,039 people, while reductions are anticipated across children, young adults, and early-to-mid career age segments.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Upwey - Tecoma
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Sep 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Sep 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Sep 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, Local governments Daily | May 2026 4 months ago all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 18 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (9,777 at the 2021 Census → 9,883 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (211051284). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.