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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
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Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) has an estimated 11,137 residents, down from 11,328 at the 2021 Census — a change of 191 people, or 1.7%. That puts 614 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
As of Aug 2026, the suburb of Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) has an estimated population of approximately 11,137 residents, according to AreaSearch's evaluation of broader regional ABS updates and post-Census address validations. This indicates a contraction of 191 people (1.7%) relative to the 11,328 people recorded in the 2021 Census. This adjustment stems from an estimated resident population base of 11,095 identified in the ABS June 2025 ERP release, combined with 84 validated new addresses added following the Census. With a population density of 613 persons per square kilometer, the locality offers generous space per inhabitant and scope for future expansion.
Recent demographic additions were almost entirely underpinned by overseas migration, serving as the primary source of population intake. Projections for the suburb of Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) utilise the 2024 ABS/Geoscience Australia SA2 modeling based on 2022 benchmarks, supplemented where necessary by 2023 Victorian State Government Regional/LGA projections converted to SA2 boundaries via weighted growth aggregation. These aggregated age-specific growth trajectories are extended across all areas for 2032 to 2041. Based on these combined SA2 figures, the suburb is slated for major population growth placing it within the top quartile of regional locations across Australia, with an anticipated gain of 2,714 persons by 2041, representing a 24.0% expansion over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
388 new dwellings have been approved in Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) over the past five years, an average of 77 a year. That is 3.5 approvals per 1,000 residents. Of the 38 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 76% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 14, well below that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Analysis of ABS building approvals aggregated by AreaSearch indicates that Kangaroo Flat has averaged approximately 77 new residential approvals annually, accumulating an estimated 388 dwellings over the last 5 financial years. During FY-25 to date, 14 approvals have been logged. In the context of recent population declines, local residential supply has comfortably matched demand to maintain an orderly market with ample purchasing options, alongside an average anticipated construction value of $381,000 per dwelling in step with regional norms. Furthermore, commercial approvals have reached $9.1 million in the current financial year, reinforcing the predominantly residential profile of the locality.
Per-capita residential approval rates in Kangaroo Flat sit at roughly half the level observed across Rest of Vic., placing the suburb in the 25th percentile across all assessed Australian locations, which limits incoming stock and underpins interest in established properties. This below-average national standing underscores the area's established footprint and potential planning boundaries. Of the incoming residential development, detached houses account for 76.0% while medium and high-density formats comprise 24.0%, preserving a classic low-density suburban fabric tailored toward family living and spacious environments. A metric of 587 people per building approval highlights the subdued pace of building activity. Moving forward, projections from the latest AreaSearch quarterly figures indicate Kangaroo Flat will expand by 2,672 residents by 2041. While ongoing residential development continues at a reasonable pace alongside this expansion, prospective purchasers could encounter heightened competition as local numbers rise.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Kangaroo Flat (Vic.)
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 6 current infrastructure and development projects inside Kangaroo Flat (Vic.), worth an estimated $68 million. A further 48 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $3.43 billion. 21 are already under construction and 20 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, education & training and environmental & disaster management. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local infrastructure additions, development schemes, and civic upgrades play a central role in driving regional performance. In total, AreaSearch has cataloged 16 significant initiatives expected to influence the district, highlighted by the Kangaroo Flat Lifestyle Estate Expansion, Kangaroo Flat Skate Park, Kangaroo Rise Estate, and Kangaroo Flat Mine Site Rehabilitation, with key projects outlined in detail below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Kangaroo Flat Skate Park
New community skate park featuring beginner and intermediate skating zones with street-style elements, quarter pipes, ledges and rails. The project also includes seating, shelters, drinking fountains, shade structures, BBQ facilities and improved connections to the Bendigo Creek Trail and Gateway Park. Following Federal funding commitments, the City of Greater Bendigo has progressed the project into delivery, with construction now underway as part of the Council's active community infrastructure program.
Kangaroo Flat Lifestyle Estate Expansion
Expansion of the over-50s lifestyle estate adding 73 new units with stormwater infrastructure improvements. The $13.8 million development includes a new community centre, internal road, and amenities in a bushland setting. The project requires excavation of a stormwater basin due to 2022 flooding and involves removal of 1.2ha of native vegetation across the 5.84ha site. The existing estate has 249 homes with 300+ residents and features comprehensive facilities including clubhouse, heated pool, gym, bowling green and cinema.
Kangaroo Rise Estate
Boutique residential estate offering 55 lots over 2 stages ranging from 441mý to 1038mý for family homes, located on the Melbourne side of Bendigo with rural outlook and highway access. Services include power, town water, sewer and NBN with no onerous covenants.
Kangaroo Flat Mine Site Rehabilitation
Environmental rehabilitation of former mine sites in Kangaroo Flat area including soil remediation, revegetation, and conversion to recreational or community use spaces.
Hidden Valley Estate
Boutique estate by Birchgrove Property Group in Kennington offering 10 lifestyle blocks ranging from 1,410-10,035 square metres. Located next to Greater Bendigo National Park, 10 minutes from Bendigo CBD with titled land and secluded location.
Lakeside Park Estate
Boutique residential land development featuring 45 lots ranging from 400sqm to 1091sqm with two large water basins at the entrance and connection to Ritchie Drive. The estate is designed to create space and quality living with large frontages and undulating landscape. Located close to schools, Lansell Square Shopping Centre, medical facilities, transportation and sports facilities.
Lansell Square Shopping Centre
Major shopping centre owned and operated by Charter Hall, anchored by Coles, Kmart and Woolworths with 63 specialty stores. Features food court, family-friendly facilities, ample parking, and serves as the southern gateway to Bendigo. Located 4km from Bendigo centre in Kangaroo Flat area.
Crusoe College Redevelopment
Complete rebuild of the former Kangaroo Flat Secondary College site in south-west Bendigo, delivered by the Victorian Government as one of four new Year 7-10 campuses under the Bendigo Education Plan. Kane Constructions was awarded the lump sum contract in May 2008 and the Hassell-designed campus was completed in early 2010 for student occupation in Term 2. New facilities included a Community Learning Hub, gymnasium, technology centre, performing arts building, administration centre and Global Learning Centre, with the retained JB Osborne Theatre (382 seats) available for community hire.The old buildings remained in use during construction and were demolished afterwards to create the school oval and sporting fields. The college serves around 600-800 students in Years 7-10 and feeds into Bendigo Senior Secondary College. No further major capital works have been announced for the site in the 2025-26 or 2026-27 Victorian State Budgets.
4,840 residents of Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) are employed, from a labour force of 5,082. Unemployment sits at 4.8%, with participation at 54.6%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 5.9% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 10,214, about 92% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Statistical area aggregations from AreaSearch indicate Kangaroo Flat maintains a balanced workforce across blue- and white-collar roles, supported by solid representation in essential services, a 4.8% unemployment rate, and steady job numbers over the preceding year. There are 4,840 employed residents as of March 2026, though the local jobless rate exceeds Regional Vic.'s 3.7% by 1.1 percentage points, and labor force participation of 54.6% trails the 61.1% recorded across Regional Vic.. Census data recorded a modest 11.9% of the local workforce working from home, a figure influenced by prevailing Covid-19 restrictions.
Resident employment is concentrated primarily within health care & social assistance, retail trade, and manufacturing. The local labor market shows notable concentration in manufacturing, where its employment proportion reaches 1.7 times the regional benchmark. Conversely, agriculture, forestry & fishing accounts for only 1.7% of Kangaroo Flat's employed base compared with 7.5% across Regional Vic.. Given its largely residential profile, the suburb exhibits fewer internal jobs relative to its resident worker count as documented in Census comparisons. Based on AreaSearch's compilation of SALM and ABS figures from surrounding statistical areas, the preceding 12-month period saw employment rise by 0.1% alongside a 0.1% contraction in the labor force, generating a 0.2 percentage points decrease in the unemployment rate. Over the identical timeframe, Regional Vic. registered a 0.1% decline in employment, a 0.3% decrease in the labor force, and a 0.2 percentage points drop in unemployment. Looking ahead, Jobs and Skills Australia's Mar-26 national employment projections provide a framework for future demand across Kangaroo Flat over five- and ten-year horizons. Nationally, employment is projected to expand by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, with performance varying widely across sectors. Applying these industry growth rates to Kangaroo Flat's specific job distribution suggests local employment expansion of 5.9% across five years and 12.9% across ten years (this represents an illustrative weighted extrapolation that excludes localized demographic projections).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) is $1,144 a week (about $59,000 a year), with median personal income at $638 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $45,202 a year against an average of $52,547. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
Aggregated ATO postcode data from AreaSearch for financial year 2023 indicates Kangaroo Flat had a median taxpayer income of $45,202 and an average of $52,547, trailing the national benchmark as well as Regional Vic.'s median of $50,954 and average of $62,728. Factoring in Wage Price Index growth of 9.62% since financial year 2023 yields updated estimates of approximately $49,550 for the median and $57,602 for the average as of March 2026. Across the 2021 Census, individual, family, and household earnings placed between the 9th and 17th percentiles across Australia. The primary earnings bracket includes 28.9% of residents (3,218 people) earning between $800 - 1,499, differing from the broader metropolitan pattern where the $1,500 - 2,999 band leads at 30.3%.
Financial stress related to housing is pronounced, with remaining income after shelter costs at 84.6%, ranking in the 11th percentile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) had 4,660 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 90% detached houses and 1% apartments. 31% are owned with a mortgage, 29% rented and 40% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $285 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,300 a month. Rent absorbs 24.9% of household income here and mortgage repayments 26.2%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Census records show Kangaroo Flat's residential fabric consists of 89.7% detached houses and 10.3% alternate dwellings (comprising apartments, semi-detached properties, and 'other' dwellings), closely matching Regional Vic.'s split of 90.1% houses and 9.9% other formats. Outright ownership stands at 39.9%, identical to the regional standard, with remaining tenures split between mortgaged properties (31.3%) and rental accommodation (28.8%). Typical monthly mortgage obligations of $1,300 are lower than the Regional Vic. benchmark of $1,430, while typical weekly rent matches the regional standard at $285. In a national context, mortgage repayments sit well below the Australian average of $1,863, and weekly rents track considerably lower than the national figure of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) counted 4,660 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.2 people each. 21% are couples with children, fewer than in 83% of areas nationally, against 27% couples without children. 35% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.9 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families constitute the majority of living arrangements at 62.2%, consisting of couples without children (26.5%), couples with children (21.1%), and one-parent families (13.3%). Non-family setups make up the remaining 37.8%, led by single-person dwellings at 34.7% alongside group households at 3.1%. Average occupancy sits at 2.2 people per dwelling, below the Regional Vic. measure of 2.4.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
16.2% of adults in Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) hold a university qualification, including 10.9% with a bachelor degree and 2.8% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 29.1% hold a vocational qualification. 6 schools serve the area, with 1,670 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 957 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Higher education rates present challenges for the area, with 16.2% holding university credentials compared to the broader VIC benchmark of 33.4%, providing opportunities for targeted learning programs. Attainment is led by bachelor degrees at 10.9%, followed by postgraduate degrees at 2.8% and graduate diplomas at 2.5%. Conversely, vocational and technical qualifications are well established, with 39.2% of residents aged 15+ holding trade credentials, consisting of advanced diplomas (10.1%) and certificates (29.1%). A substantial 26.3% of local inhabitants are actively engaged in formal study. This student population includes 9.5% enrolled in primary education, 7.4% attending secondary schooling, and 2.8% enrolled in tertiary institutions.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) reaches 69 stops on 10 routes, timetabled for about 2,600 services a week. The typical home sits about 250 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.2 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transport connectivity across Kangaroo Flat includes 69 operational stops encompassing train access, spanning 10 distinct transit routes that deliver a total of 2,643 passenger journeys each week. Transit proximity is favorable, with an average distance of 253 meters from homes to the nearest boarding point. As an established residential hub, outward commuting is standard, with private vehicles accounting for 94% of trips. Average motor vehicle ownership sits at 1.2 per household, below regional levels, while 11.9% of residents worked remotely according to the 2021 Census during a period shaped by COVID-19.
Across the entire public transport network, daily operations average 377 trips, which translates to roughly 38 weekly services for each individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
55.4% of residents in Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 91% of areas nationally. 9.6% need daily assistance with core activities, and 47.7% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 6.9 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health indicators compiled by AreaSearch regarding mortality and chronic illnesses highlight notable wellness hurdles across various age brackets in Kangaroo Flat, with private health coverage uptake limited to approximately 48% of residents (~5,311 people). This proportion is lower than the 50.5% recorded across Regional Vic. and the Australian average of 55.7%. The primary diagnosed conditions within the locality are arthritis (12.4%) and mental health conditions (11.4%), while 55.4% of residents reported having no long-term medical conditions, compared to 63.4% across Regional Vic.. Elevated rates of chronic illness affect the working-age population, while residents aged 65 and over make up 27.3% of the community (3,040 people), exceeding the 24.0% regional proportion.
Overall health metrics for older residents align broadly with wider nationwide standards.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) is largely Australian-born, at 88.1% of residents, with 8.6% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (33.8%) and Australian (30.1%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Measures of cultural diversity place Kangaroo Flat below broader norms, with 88.6% Australian citizenship, 88.1% born within Australia, and 91.4% communicating solely in English at home. Christianity forms the largest religious affiliation at 47.4% of residents, while the Other category demonstrates the most distinct local divergence, representing 1.2% of the population versus 0.8% across Regional Vic.. Regarding ancestral background, English ancestry is the most common at 33.8%, followed by Australian at 30.1% and Irish at 8.3%. Other ancestral representations include Scottish at 8.3% (against 8.8% regionally), Welsh at 0.5% (against 0.4% regionally), and Macedonian at 0.1% (against 0.2% regionally).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Kangaroo Flat (Vic.) is 44, older than 76% of areas nationally. 23.2% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The age distribution in Kangaroo Flat tracks closely with Regional Vic., showing a maximum variation of 3.5 percentage points. AreaSearch places the median age at 44 as at August 2026, unchanged from the 2021 Census, which sits 1 year above the Regional Vic. Census benchmark of 43 and above Australia's national Census median of 38. Since the 2021 Census, residents aged 45 - 64 have reduced from 22.2% to an estimated 20.9%, whereas young to middle-aged adults aged 25 - 44 are projected to experience the strongest additions through to 2041, increasing by 1,308 residents (46%) to reach 4,137.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Kangaroo Flat (Vic.)
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Oct 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Oct 2026 this month headline measures · Sep 2026 baseline |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Oct 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Jul 2026 3 months ago all 6 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Jul 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 7 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Sep 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Sep 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 84 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (11,328 at the 2021 Census → 11,137 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL21293). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.