Chart Color Schemes
This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
The median house price in Camden is $1.25m, with units at $718k. House values have moved 5.2% a year compounded over five years.
Curious about local property values? Filter the chart to assess the volume and appreciation (including resales) trends and regional comparisons, or scroll to the map below view this information at an individual property level.
Find a Recent Sale
Sales Detail
Camden has an estimated 3,548 residents, up from 3,378 at the 2021 Census — a change of 170 people, or 5.0%. Growth has averaged 1.5% a year over five years. Overseas migration accounts for 66.0% of that increase. That puts 780 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to AreaSearch's evaluation of broader ABS demographic releases alongside newly confirmed post-Census addresses, the suburb of Camden has an estimated population of approximately 3,548 as of Aug 2026. Compared to the 3,378 residents recorded in the 2021 Census, this indicates an expansion of 170 people (5.0%). This metric builds upon an ERP figure of 3,531 derived by AreaSearch from ABS data published in June 2025, combined with 58 validated new addresses registered following the Census. The suburb of Camden demonstrates a population density of 779 persons per square kilometer, aligning closely with typical benchmarks evaluated across AreaSearch regions.
Moreover, the suburb of Camden's 5.0% post-censal gain sits within 2.3 percentage points of the broader SA3 benchmark (7.3%), highlighting sound growth fundamentals that were predominantly supported by overseas arrivals, which constituted roughly 66.0% of recent population additions. SA2 demographic projections released by ABS/Geoscience Australia in 2024 (using 2022 as a baseline) underpin AreaSearch's forward modelling, supplemented by 2022 NSW State Government SA2 forecasts (based on 2021) for areas omitted from the former series. Age-specific growth trajectories from these datasets are applied across all locations for the period covering 2032 to 2041. In line with these demographic patterns, future expansion for the suburb of Camden is projected to track marginally beneath the nationwide statistical median, with aggregated SA2 estimates indicating an influx of 247 persons by 2041, representing a 16-year cumulative increase of 6.5%.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
59 new dwellings have been approved in Camden over the past five years, an average of 11 a year. That places the area in the 65th percentile for residential development activity nationally, about 3 approvals per 1,000 residents a year. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 26, running ahead of that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Analysis of ABS building approvals by AreaSearch shows that property development in the area has seen roughly 11 residential dwellings approved on an annual basis, totaling an estimated 59 approved homes across the 5 financial years spanning FY-21 to FY-25, including 26 approvals during FY-25 to date. Over this five-year timeframe (FY-21 to FY-25), population growth has outpaced construction at a rate of 3.1 new residents per approved dwelling, creating an environment where housing supply trails demand and puts upward pressure on property prices. The anticipated construction cost for new residences averages $558,000, which sits slightly higher than regional benchmarks and reflects an emphasis on premium builds.
Concurrently, commercial planning approvals totaled $2.2 million over the current financial year, underscoring an urban development landscape tilted heavily toward residential stock. Per capita residential construction activity over the 5-year span stands 45.0% above the wider Greater Sydney benchmark, ensuring steady supply for prospective purchasers while underpinning existing market demand. The composition of approved residential development includes 76.0% standalone houses and 24.0% medium-to-high density formats such as townhouses and apartments, preserving the locality's low-density profile and catering to families seeking spacious housing. With an average of roughly 156 residents per residential approval, the locality maintains clear low-density urban planning attributes. Based on the most recent quarterly projections from AreaSearch, urban growth is slated to add 230 residents by 2041. Sustaining present construction volumes will allow prospective housing supply to easily absorb this influx, fostering balanced market conditions for property buyers and offering capacity for residential expansion beyond baseline forecasts.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Camden
Loading development applications…
| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 6 current infrastructure and development projects inside Camden, worth an estimated $945 million. A further 79 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $27 billion. 33 are already under construction and 36 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans communities, precincts & urban renewal, residential development and communities. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Capital works, major planning initiatives, and civic infrastructure play a vital role in shaping local development and economic outcomes. In total, AreaSearch has identified 11 significant infrastructure projects influencing the locality, led by works including Spring Farm Riverside, Camden Community Nursery, Camden Lakeside Stage 3 & 4 (Elderslie), and the Camden Town Centre Enhancements.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
Denotes AI-based impression for illustrative purposes only, not to be taken as definitive under any circumstances. Please follow links and conduct other investigations from the project's source for actual imagery. Developers and project owners wishing us to use original imagery please Contact Us and we will do so.
Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Camden Community Nursery
The Camden Community Nursery is a purpose-built facility designed to support local biodiversity through the propagation of native plants. It serves as an educational hub providing workshops on sustainable gardening, environmental conservation, and local flora management for the community and schools.
Spring Farm Riverside
A flagship masterplanned community by Cornish Group comprising 1,100 residential lots alongside the Nepean River, featuring elevated positions with views over Springs Lake and Razorback Mountain. The precinct includes 185 hectares of parklands with boardwalks, BBQ areas, playgrounds, and 24km of bike paths and walkways.
Camden Lakeside Stage 3 & 4 (Elderslie)
Final stages of the established Camden Lakeside golf course community, delivering premium residential lots overlooking the lake and fairways.
Camden Town Centre Enhancements
Revitalization of Camden's historic town centre with improved streetscapes, public spaces, heritage conservation, and enhanced retail and dining precincts. The project aims to strengthen Camden's role as a regional centre while preserving its historic character and community identity.
Camden Town Centre Urban Design Framework
A framework to guide the future development of the Camden Town Centre, focusing on enhancing its unique heritage character while accommodating growth. The plan addresses building design, public spaces, and traffic management.
Springs Road/Macarthur Roundabout Upgrade
Road infrastructure upgrade including construction of a new roundabout, stormwater drainage works, pavement construction, provision of shared pathway, reconstruction of traffic islands at the intersection of Macarthur Road and Camden Bypass exit, watermain adjustment, and landscaping works to improve local traffic flow and connectivity in the growing Spring Farm area.
Camden Civic Centre Renewal
A $9.9 million renewal and upgrade of the Camden Civic Centre to modernise the facility and improve its amenities for community and cultural events. The project is funded by the NSW Government and Camden Council.
Evergreen Spring Farm Masterplanned Community
Evergreen at Spring Farm is a masterplanned residential community delivered by AVJennings within the Camden growth corridor near Narellan. The estate comprises hundreds of detached dwellings, turn-key homes, and land lots supported by local parks, walking trails, and new road infrastructure. Civil works and staged residential construction continue across the precinct.
2,340 residents of Camden are employed, from a labour force of 2,380. Unemployment sits at 1.7%, with participation at 80.4%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.6% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 3,176, about 90% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local workforce exhibits strong professional skills and heavy representation across essential services, underpinned by an exceptionally low unemployment rate of 1.7% and a 10.5% yearly increase in jobs according to aggregated statistical figures from AreaSearch. As of March 2026, employed residents numbered 2,340, with the jobless rate tracking 2.4% below the 4.1% recorded for Greater Sydney. Labour force participation reached a substantial 80.4%, significantly outpacing the regional figure of 68.9%. Census records also indicate that 31.5% of workers operated from home, though this figure reflects the influence of pandemic restrictions.
The primary employment drivers for the local labour market are the construction, health care & social assistance, and education & training sectors. The local economy demonstrates a pronounced concentration in construction, where the workforce proportion is 1.8 times the broader metropolitan level. In contrast, the financial & insurance services sector accounts for only 2.0% of jobs locally against 7.3% across the region. Although local employment exists, comparing resident worker figures to local jobs indicates that a large share of the workforce commutes outside the area for employment. During the twelve months leading to March 2026, AreaSearch's evaluation of combined ABS and SALM metrics indicates that local employment expanded by 10.5% while the total labour pool grew by 10.7%, resulting in a 0.1 percentage point uptick in the unemployment rate. Over the identical timeframe, Greater Sydney experienced a 1.9% rise in employment, a 1.9% rise in the labour pool, and a slight reduction in joblessness. National workforce projections published by Jobs and Skills Australia in Mar-26 provide additional context on future labour demand. Applying these national five- and ten-year industry sector projections to the area's specific workforce profile yields an expected employment expansion of 6.6% over five years and 13.5% across ten years, compared to broader Australian forecasts of 6.6% and 13.7% respectively (note that this represents a weighted sector extrapolation that excludes specific local demographic projections).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Camden is $1,650 a week (about $86,000 a year), with median personal income at $865 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $51,511 a year against an average of $63,147. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
ATO taxpayer records compiled by AreaSearch for financial year 2023 indicate that the suburb of Camden maintains income levels below national benchmarks. Taxpayers in the suburb of Camden recorded a median income of $51,511 and an average income of $63,147, whereas Greater Sydney registered $60,817 and $83,003 respectively. Factoring in a Wage Price Index expansion of 10.32% since financial year 2023, updated estimates as of March 2026 stand at roughly $56,827 for the median and $69,664 for the average. Based on the 2021 Census, individual weekly earnings placed at the 61st percentile ($865), while household earnings sat at the 44th percentile.
A plurality of local earners (32.6%, or 1,156 people) fall into the $1,500 - 2,999 weekly band, closely matching the 30.9% regional proportion. Affordability constraints are pronounced, leaving 81.2% of income uncommitted (41st percentile), with the district placed in the 5th decile on the SEIFA income index.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Camden had 1,283 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 74% detached houses and 8% apartments. 36% are owned with a mortgage, 34% rented and 31% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $400 a week and the median mortgage repayment $2,143 a month. Rent absorbs 24.2% of household income here and mortgage repayments 30.0%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Residential housing stock at the most recent Census was dominated by separate houses at 74.0%, while apartments, semi-detached dwellings, and other accommodation types accounted for 25.9%, compared to the Sydney metropolitan split of 55.9% houses and 44.1% medium-to-high density formats. Outright home ownership stood higher than the metropolitan benchmark at 30.9%, while remaining properties were either held with a mortgage (35.5%) or rented (33.6%). Typical monthly mortgage costs were $2,143 (compared to $2,427 across Sydney metro), and median weekly rent stood at $400 (compared to $470 across Sydney metro). Relative to national property metrics, local mortgages are considerably higher than the Australian median of $1,863, with rents also sitting above the nationwide baseline of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Camden counted 1,283 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 1,348 today, averaging 2.4 people each. 29% are couples with children, against 23% couples without children. 34% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.8 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Family units constitute 64.5% of local households, comprising couples with children at 28.8%, couples without children at 22.9%, and single parent arrangements at 12.2%. Non-family living situations represent 35.5% of dwellings, consisting primarily of single-occupant households (33.5%) alongside group residences (1.9%). Typical household occupancy averages 2.4 residents, tracking below the Greater Sydney standard of 2.7.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
23.9% of adults in Camden hold a university qualification, including 15.7% with a bachelor degree and 5.2% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 28.9% hold a vocational qualification. 3 schools serve the area, with 1,648 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,035 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational attainment levels show a divergence from wider metropolitan figures, with 23.9% of residents holding higher education qualifications compared to the Greater Sydney average of 38.0%, presenting opportunities for skill-building initiatives. Among degree holders, bachelor degrees represent 15.7%, postgraduate awards comprise 5.2%, and graduate diplomas account for 3.0%. Conversely, vocational and technical training is widely held, with 41.3% of individuals aged 15+ possessing trade credentials, consisting of 12.4% with advanced diplomas and 28.9% with certificate qualifications. A significant proportion of the local population is engaged in learning, with 31.5% actively enrolled across educational institutions.
This cohort comprises 11.2% attending primary schools, 8.3% in secondary education, and 4.6% undertaking tertiary studies.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Camden reaches 38 stops on 78 routes, timetabled for about 2,200 services a week. The typical home sits about 160 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.4 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transport connectivity in the district features 38 operational stops offering bus services. These facilities accommodate 78 separate bus routes that together deliver 2,199 weekly transit trips. Access to transit infrastructure is strong, with an average distance of 163 meters from households to the nearest stop. Given the area's residential nature, outward commuting prevails, with private vehicles serving as the primary transport mode for 88% of commuters and walking accounting for 6%. Household motor vehicle ownership stands at 1.4 vehicles per dwelling, exceeding the metropolitan benchmark. Additionally, 31.5% of working residents carried out their roles from home according to the 2021 Census, a figure shaped in part by pandemic conditions.
Across all transit lines, public transport services average 314 departures per day, which translates to roughly 57 scheduled services per week for each individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
62.2% of residents in Camden report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 75% of areas nationally. 10.3% need daily assistance with core activities, and 51.9% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 5.7 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
AreaSearch evaluations of mortality statistics and chronic health conditions indicate notable public health considerations for the community, with chronic ailments widespread overall and occurring at substantially higher rates among older demographics. Furthermore, private health insurance uptake trails typical SA2 figures, covering approximately 52% of residents (~1,842 people) compared to 59.9% across Greater Sydney. Arthritis and mental health conditions are the most prevalent reported medical issues, affecting 10.6% and 9.3% of the community respectively, whereas 62.2% of residents reported having no chronic medical conditions compared to 74.6% across Greater Sydney. Health outcomes across the prime working-age demographic remain typical, while the senior cohort (aged 65 and above) comprises 20.4% of the population (723 people), above the 15.5% share in Greater Sydney.
Senior health outcomes present specific vulnerabilities, though they compare favorably against national elderly health metrics.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Camden is largely Australian-born, at 85.2% of residents, with 6.1% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are Australian (30.4%) and English (29.3%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity metrics for the population sit below metropolitan standards, with 85.2% of individuals born in Australia, 90.6% holding Australian citizenship, and 93.9% speaking only English within their households. Christianity is the predominant religious faith, embraced by 68.1% of residents compared to 49.2% across Greater Sydney. Regarding parental lineage, Australian ancestry leads at 30.4% (well above the 17.8% regional figure), followed by English ancestry at 29.3% (exceeding the 19.0% regional rate) and Irish ancestry at 8.8%. Distinct differences emerge across smaller cultural groups as well, with Maltese backgrounds representing 1.1% (compared to 1.0% across the region), Welsh backgrounds at 0.7% (compared to 0.4%), and South Australian heritage at 0.7% (compared to 0.5%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Camden is 43. 24.0% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The demographic profile for the suburb of Camden skews older than the broader region. Updated estimates as of August 2026 show that seniors and retirees aged 65+ make up 20.4% of the population (compared to 15.5% across Greater Sydney), while young-to-middle adults aged 25 - 44 account for 27.2% (against 31.4% regionally). The median age is estimated at 43, unchanged from the 2021 Census, which is 6 years older than the Greater Sydney median of 37 and higher than the national median of 38 at that Census. The most noticeable demographic shift since the Census has been the reduction in the proportion of retirees and seniors aged 65+, decreasing from 23.6% to 20.4%.
Heading towards 2041, the retiree and elderly segment is projected to experience the greatest growth, increasing by 175 residents (24%) to reach 899, while the cohorts for children, young adults, and young to middle-aged adults are expected to contract.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Camden
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Oct 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Oct 2026 this month headline measures · Sep 2026 baseline |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Oct 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Jun 2026 4 months ago all 6 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Jun 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 7 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Sep 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Sep 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 58 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (3,378 at the 2021 Census → 3,548 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL10769). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.