Chart Color Schemes
This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
The median house price in Banksia is $1.87m, with units at $774k. House values have moved 4.5% a year compounded over five years.
Curious about local property values? Filter the chart to assess the volume and appreciation (including resales) trends and regional comparisons, or scroll to the map below view this information at an individual property level.
Find a Recent Sale
Sales Detail
Banksia has an estimated 3,720 residents, up from 3,277 at the 2021 Census — a change of 443 people, or 13.5%. Growth has averaged 1.5% a year over five years, faster than 81% of areas nationally. Overseas migration accounts for 88.0% of that increase. That puts 3,875 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to AreaSearch's evaluation of ABS regional updates and newly validated address counts following the Census, the suburb of Banksia recorded an estimated 3,720 residents as of Aug 2026. This marks an expansion of 443 people (13.5%) from the 3,277 people counted in the 2021 Census. Such growth is drawn from an estimated resident population of 3,717 based on the ABS ERP release from June 2025 alongside 2 validated new addresses post-Census. With a density of 3,875 persons per square kilometer, the suburb of Banksia sits among the top 10% of nationally reviewed locations, highlighting intense local land demand.
Outpacing both the broader SA4 region (6.6%) and statewide figures, the suburb of Banksia achieved regional growth leadership with its 13.5% post-2021 Census increase. Incoming overseas arrivals served as the primary demographic catalyst, generating roughly 88.0% of total recent gains. Projections utilize 2024 ABS/Geoscience Australia datasets with a 2022 baseline for local SA2 regions, switching to 2022 NSW State Government releases (2021 baseline) where necessary, alongside age-cohort growth models spanning 2032 to 2041. Over this 16-year horizon, the suburb of Banksia is forecast to achieve above-median growth relative to nationwide areas, expanding by 761 persons (20.4%) up to 2041 according to collective SA2 projections.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
73 new dwellings have been approved in Banksia over the past five years, an average of 14 a year. That is 4.8 approvals per 1,000 residents. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 9, well below that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
ABS building approval statistics evaluated by AreaSearch indicate that roughly 14 dwellings secure approvals annually across Banksia, totaling approximately 73 residential approvals over the 5 financial years from FY-21 through FY-25, alongside 9 during FY-25 to date. An inflow of 3.1 people per year for every completed home across those 5 financial years (FY-21 to FY-25) demonstrates that buyer demand heavily outstrips construction, fostering elevated competition and pricing pressure. New dwellings reflect standard regional construction values averaging $446,000, while commercial approvals registered $5.5 million this financial year, underscoring the locality's primarily residential focus.
Per-capita building rates in Banksia align closely with Greater Sydney norms, sustaining regional market equilibrium. Recent residential consents comprise 25.0% separate houses alongside 75.0% medium-to-high-density apartments and townhomes. This shift toward compact footprints aids affordability and attracts downsizers, first-home purchasers, and investors, contrasting sharply with the current dwelling base of 78.0% houses. Such trends indicate tightening land availability and shifting buyer lifestyles, with roughly 491 people per dwelling approval reflecting a mature urban environment. Demographic forecasts indicate that Banksia will add 758 residents by 2041 relative to recent AreaSearch quarterly figures. Although construction is tracking anticipated demand reasonably well, continued population expansion is likely to intensify competition for available properties.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Banksia
Loading development applications…
| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 5 current infrastructure and development projects inside Banksia, worth an estimated $3 million. A further 88 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $19.7 billion. 22 are already under construction and 26 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and sports & recreation. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Infrastructure investments, major works, and strategic planning significantly shape local urban performance, with AreaSearch cataloging 24 key projects relevant to the surrounding area. Prominent undertakings influencing the district include the Rockdale Community and Cultural Centre, Fox Lane Rockdale, the 588-592 Princes Highway Mixed-Use Development, and the 570 Princes Highway Co-Living Development.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
Denotes AI-based impression for illustrative purposes only, not to be taken as definitive under any circumstances. Please follow links and conduct other investigations from the project's source for actual imagery. Developers and project owners wishing us to use original imagery please Contact Us and we will do so.
Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Arncliffe Central
Arncliffe Central is a mixed-tenure urban renewal redevelopment of the former Arncliffe Estate between Eden Street and the Princes Highway. The project is replacing 142 ageing social housing dwellings with 806 new apartments across four buildings, including 311 social housing apartments, 291 affordable housing apartments and 204 private market apartments. It also includes a 4000 sqm public park, shops, community facilities, a childcare centre, pedestrian links and landscaped public spaces. Construction is underway, with social homes on track for 2027 and the wider precinct expected to complete in 2028.
Fox Lane Rockdale
Fox Lane Rockdale is a $50 million boutique residential development featuring 43 studio, one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments plus two ground-floor commercial/retail spaces. The project offers chic modern interiors and resort-style rooftop amenities including a pool, gym, BBQ area, and outdoor cinema, along with secure parking. Located in the heart of Rockdale, it provides excellent connectivity to public transport, shopping, and local parks.
Kogarah North Urban Design Strategy Implementation
Strategic urban renewal project transforming 7.6-hectare Kogarah North precinct from low-density residential to high-density mixed-use development. Endorsed by Georges River Council in November 2017, the strategy facilitates coordinated redevelopment with new planning controls allowing buildings up to 33 metres height. Multiple developments approved and under construction including several 10-12 storey residential buildings delivering improved public spaces, enhanced connectivity, and housing diversity as part of Kogarah Strategic Centre.
Rockdale Bicentennial Park Reinstatement
Reinstatement and upgrade of Rockdale Bicentennial Park as part of the M6 Stage 1 project. Works include restoration of parkland after tunnel construction, upgraded playing fields, skate park, playgrounds, shared walking and cycling paths, wetland restoration, increased tree canopy and new recreational infrastructure. The Urban Design and Landscape Plan for the park was approved in 2024, however delivery remains tied to completion of M6 Stage 1 construction. Following the 2024 tunnelling suspension, tunnelling resumed during 2026 with park reinstatement to follow project completion.
570 Princes Highway Co-Living Development
A 12-storey mixed-use development featuring 65 co-living rooms, a ground-floor commercial tenancy, communal areas including a rooftop terrace, basement parking, and sustainable design elements for affordable shared living in Rockdale.
Rail Service Improvement Program - Central to Hurstville Capital Works
Upgrades along the T4/T8 corridor between Central and Hurstville to boost rail capacity and reliability. Scope includes the Sydney Terminal Area Reconfiguration (track reconfiguration and platform extensions around Central to Erskineville Junction), the Hurstville crossover, targeted station works and power/signalling upgrades. Delivered by the Next Rail partnership (John Holland and Jacobs) for Transport for NSW.
Ice Zoo Wolli Creek
Olympic-sized ice skating rink providing year-round facilities for public skating, ice hockey, figure skating, and other ice sports. It serves as a community hub and training ground for athletes, featuring sustainable design elements, parking, cafe, and gym.
Kogarah Public School Upgrade
The Kogarah Public School upgrade involves constructing a new multipurpose hall, 24 new modern classrooms, outdoor spaces and play areas, a covered outdoor learning area (COLA), and removal of temporary classrooms. Construction is now underway: site establishment was completed in September 2025 including fencing, hoardings, site sheds and a temporary construction driveway from Princes Highway. The old COLA has been dismantled for reuse at another school, the toilet block and storage shed have been demolished, and detailed excavation, inground services and piling for the new building foundations are now in progress.Builder Stephen Edwards Constructions and architect Fulton Trotter are delivering the project for the NSW Government, with forecast completion in 2027.
2,242 residents of Banksia are employed, from a labour force of 2,273. Unemployment sits at 1.4%, with participation at 72.2%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.7% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth, so in an area growing as fast as this one it understates the likely rise in local jobs. The working-day population is estimated at 3,142, about 84% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Banksia maintains an educated local workforce heavily represented across professional sectors, registering an unemployment rate of only 1.4% and an estimated annual jobs growth of 3.4% according to AreaSearch statistical area models. By March 2026, employed locals numbered 2,242, with unemployment tracking 2.8% lower than the Greater Sydney level of 4.1% and participation holding steady at 72.2% compared to 68.9% regionally. Remote work was recorded by 38.8% of residents at the Census, though pandemic lockdown measures influenced this figure. Local employment is predominantly concentrated across professional & technical, health care & social assistance, and retail trade sectors.
The suburb demonstrates pronounced specialization in transport, postal & warehousing, where the local workforce share reaches 1.6 times regional figures. Conversely, manufacturing accounts for only 4.1% of employment versus 5.7% across the broader region. The disparity between resident workers and Census local job counts highlights limited commercial employment within this largely residential precinct. AreaSearch assessment of ABS and SALM records indicates that over the 12 months leading to March 2026, Banksia experienced a 3.4% rise in employment and a 3.2% increase in the labor force, reducing the local unemployment rate by 0.2 percentage points, whereas Greater Sydney recorded 1.9% employment growth and 1.9% labor force expansion with minor movement. Further context is provided by Jobs and Skills Australia Mar-26 projections, which forecast nationwide employment growth of 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years across varying industries. Applying these baseline industry weightings to Banksia's sectoral mix indicates potential job gains of 6.7% over five years and 13.6% over ten years, purely as an illustrative weighting without localized population adjustments.
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Banksia is $2,018 a week (about $105,000 a year), with median personal income at $763 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $47,942 a year against an average of $60,651. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
ATO figures compiled by AreaSearch for financial year 2023 indicate below-average national income levels for taxpayers in the suburb of Banksia, where the median stood at $47,942 and the average was $60,651, compared to $60,817 and $83,003 in Greater Sydney. Factoring in a 10.32% Wage Price Index increase since financial year 2023 adjusts estimated March 2026 figures to approximately $52,890 for median income and $66,910 on average. In the 2021 Census, weekly household earnings reached the 66th percentile at $2,018, while personal earnings landed at the 41st percentile. Exactly 30.9% of residents (1,149 individuals) earn between $1,500 - 2,999, mirroring the regional 30.9% proportion.
Despite housing costs absorbing 16.5% of income, disposable earnings sit at the 65th percentile, placing the suburb in the 6th decile on the SEIFA index.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Banksia had 1,105 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 78% detached houses and 11% apartments. 38% are owned with a mortgage, 23% rented and 39% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $500 a week and the median mortgage repayment $2,500 a month, a total housing cost higher than 77% of areas nationally. Rent absorbs 24.8% of household income here and mortgage repayments 28.6%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Census data reveals that Banksia's dwelling landscape consisted of 77.8% separate houses and 22.2% other dwellings such as apartments and townhouses, diverging from Sydney metro proportions of 55.9% houses and 44.1% other configurations. Full home ownership reached 39.1%, substantially higher than metropolitan rates, while mortgaged properties accounted for 38.1% and rental housing comprised 22.8%. Typical local housing costs stood at $2,500 for monthly mortgage payments and $500 in weekly rent, exceeding Sydney metro levels of $2,427 and $470. These costs significantly outpace national averages of $1,863 for mortgages and $375 for weekly rents.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Banksia counted 1,105 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 1,254 today, averaging 2.8 people each. 37% are couples with children, against 25% couples without children. 17% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.5 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families constitute the vast majority of local households at 77.5%, encompassing couples with children (37.3%), childless couples (25.2%), and single parent arrangements (13.6%). Non-family dwellings make up 22.5%, divided between single-person residences (17.4%) and shared group housing (4.7%). With an average of 2.8 people per home, Banksia exhibits a slightly higher household density than the Greater Sydney median of 2.7.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
30.4% of adults in Banksia hold a university qualification, including 22.1% with a bachelor degree and 7.1% with postgraduate qualifications, higher than 81% of areas nationally. A further 18.0% hold a vocational qualification. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Tertiary attainment in Banksia sits below broader SA3 levels, with 30.4% of residents aged 15+ holding university credentials compared to 38.7% across the wider district. Within this cohort, bachelor degrees comprise 22.1%, postgraduate awards represent 7.1%, and graduate diplomas account for 1.2%. Meanwhile, vocational qualifications are well represented, held by 28.1% of residents aged 15+ across certificates (18.0%) and advanced diplomas (10.1%). Student participation is substantial across the area, with 28.9% of the local population engaged in study. This includes 9.1% attending primary schools, 6.9% enrolled in secondary education, and 5.8% completing tertiary courses.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Banksia reaches 16 stops on 8 routes, timetabled for about 2,400 services a week. The typical home sits about 230 m from its nearest stop. Trains carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.2 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Banksia's transit network comprises 16 bus and rail stops across 8 active routes, delivering 2,427 passenger departures weekly. Commuter access is strong, with typical walking distances averaging 229 meters to the closest stop. Given its residential character, most travel is outbound, with private vehicles accounting for 75% of journeys and rail representing 16%. Vehicle ownership stands at 1.2 per household, while 38.8% of locals worked from home during the 2021 Census amidst pandemic conditions. Network operations average 346 scheduled departures each day across the route network, translating to roughly 151 weekly departures per transport stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
74.3% of residents in Banksia report no long-term health condition. 6.7% need daily assistance with core activities, and 51.0% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 4.8 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health indicators across Banksia remain positive according to AreaSearch evaluations of chronic illness and mortality, demonstrating low disease incidence across younger and older demographics alike. Private health insurance coverage is somewhat restrained at roughly 51% (~1,895 people), trailing the Greater Sydney benchmark of 59.9%. Arthritis and asthma are the most prevalent reported conditions locally, affecting 6.3 and 6.1% of residents respectively, while 74.3% reported no long-term illnesses, closely matching the Greater Sydney benchmark of 74.6%. The working-age population shows solid health profiles with minimal chronic conditions. Seniors aged 65 and over comprise 18.6% of the population (691 people), exceeding the Greater Sydney proportion of 15.5%, while displaying strong health metrics in line with national patterns.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
45.2% of Banksia residents were born overseas and 52.4% speak a language other than English at home, more culturally diverse than 89% of areas nationally. The largest reported ancestries are English (12.8%) and Australian (11.9%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity is pronounced in Banksia, where 45.2% of residents were born overseas and 52.4% speak non-English languages in their households. Christianity represents the primary religious affiliation at 55.7%, while the Islamic community is notably prominent, making up 11.0% of residents compared to 6.8% across Greater Sydney. Ancestry breakdowns show top reported backgrounds including Other at 16.8%, English at 12.8% (below the regional 19.0%), and Australian at 11.9% (below the regional 17.8%). Divergences appear among specific heritages, with Macedonian background significantly higher at 9.5% versus 0.4% regionally, Lebanese at 6.0% versus 2.6%, and Greek at 5.6% versus 1.9%.
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Banksia is 40. That is 1 year younger than at the 2021 Census. 27.6% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
Age structures in Banksia align closely with Greater Sydney, showing a maximum variance of only 3.1 percentage points across broad segments. AreaSearch estimates a median age of 40 as at August 2026, down from 41 at the 2021 Census and older than the metropolitan median of 37 recorded then. Mature adult and pre-retiree age groups (45 - 64) contracted from 25.5% to an estimated 23.7% since the Census. Moving toward 2041, retirees and seniors (65+) will drive future demographic growth, expanding by 354 residents (51%) to reach 1,046.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Banksia
8 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 8 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jun 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 last month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 3 sections | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Aug 2025 about a year ago all 5 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2025. | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 2 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (3,277 at the 2021 Census → 3,720 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL10179). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.