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This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.
SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).
Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
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ABS ERP | -- people | --
2021 Census | -- people
The median house price in Toukley - Norah Head is $956k, with units at $600k. House values have moved 4.3% a year compounded over five years.
Curious about local property values? Filter the chart to assess the volume and appreciation (including resales) trends and regional comparisons, or scroll to the map below view this information at an individual property level.
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Toukley - Norah Head has an estimated 9,908 residents. That puts 942 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
Based on analysis by AreaSearch, the resident count of Toukley - Norah Head is close to 9,908 as of May 2026. This represents a reduction of 1 people (0.0%) from the 2021 Census, which registered 9,909 residents. The shift is calculated using the June 2025 ABS estimated resident population of 9,908 and 17 validated new addresses registered since the Census. This population level corresponds to a density of 941 persons per square kilometer, which aligns closely with typical values across locations analyzed by AreaSearch. Population expansion was mostly driven by interstate migration, which accounted for approximately 62.0% of total gains in recent times.
AreaSearch incorporates ABS/Geoscience Australia projections for each SA2 region, published in 2024 with 2022 as the baseline. For SA2 regions lacking this coverage, projections from the NSW State Government released in 2022 with a 2021 baseline are applied. Age bracket growth trends derived from these sources are also used for all regions from 2032 to 2041. Future projections suggest population growth exceeding the national median for statistical areas, with the region expected to add 1,612 persons by 2041 relative to the newest annual ERP figures, representing a 16.3% increase over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
172 new dwellings have been approved in Toukley - Norah Head over the past five years, an average of 34 a year. That is 3.5 approvals per 1,000 residents. Of the 28 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 68% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 32, broadly in line with that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Toukley - Norah Head averages approximately 34 residential building approvals annually, with 172 approvals issued over the last 5 financial years (between FY-21 and FY-25) and 30 recorded during FY-26 so far. Given the recent decline in population, building activity is considered relatively sufficient, which benefits buyers, with new housing constructed at an average cost of $312,000. Furthermore, commercial approvals totaling $34.0 million have been logged this financial year, showing active commercial investment. In comparison to Greater Sydney, building activity per resident in Toukley - Norah Head is 19.0% lower, ranking in the 36th percentile of analyzed areas nationwide, which limits options for buyers and helps sustain demand for pre-existing homes.
This volume is also below the national average, reflecting a mature market and highlighting potential planning and geographical limitations. Recent completions consist of 68.0% detached dwellings and 32.0% attached dwellings, with a growing proportion of townhouses and apartments offering choices across various price levels, ranging from family houses to affordable compact layouts. The ratio of 545 people per residential approval indicates a quiet development climate with low construction volumes. According to population projections, Toukley - Norah Head is set to add 1,612 inhabitants by 2041 based on the newest quarterly estimate from AreaSearch. If current building volumes persist, the addition of new housing may fall short of population gains, which could increase competition among buyers and foster stronger growth in prices.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Toukley - Norah Head
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| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
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SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 9 current infrastructure and development projects inside Toukley - Norah Head, worth an estimated $553 million. A further 62 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $9.57 billion. 17 are already under construction and 25 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and sports & recreation. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Changes to local infrastructure, major developments, and planning schemes have a significant impact on local performance. AreaSearch has identified 11 projects that are expected to influence the area. Key developments include the Toukley Desalination Water Treatment Plant, the Toukley Town Centre Public Domain Upgrade, the residential and retail development at 5-8 Beach Parade, and the Seabreeze Royale development site at 11 Beach Parade, with the most relevant ones listed below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
Denotes AI-based impression for illustrative purposes only, not to be taken as definitive under any circumstances. Please follow links and conduct other investigations from the project's source for actual imagery. Developers and project owners wishing us to use original imagery please Contact Us and we will do so.
Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Toukley Desalination Water Treatment Plant
A proposed seawater desalination water treatment plant adjacent to the existing Toukley Sewage Treatment Plant, being developed as a 'plan ready' drought response project under the Central Coast Water Security Plan. The current concept is a reverse osmosis facility with an initial capacity of 30 ML/day, with provision in the EIS for staged expansion up to 40 ML/day to support normal water supply if needed. The preferred design uses a direct ocean intake located around one kilometre offshore from Jenny Dixon Reserve, with the transfer pump station relocated to the desalination plant site (replacing the earlier Lakes Beach underground well concept under Budgewoi Beach) and connected by a deep tunnel bored about 25 metres below ground.Brine would be discharged via the existing Norah Head ocean outfall. Council is preparing an Environmental Impact Statement, with a community drop-in session held in August 2025 and another planned for the second quarter of 2026. The plant would only be constructed if dam storage falls below the 45 percent trigger at Mangrove Creek Dam, with construction estimated to take 3 to 4 years once activated. GHD has been appointed as the specialist consultant supporting concept design and statutory approvals.
Harry Moore Oval Upgrades (Sportsground Lighting, Parking, and New Hardcourts)
Upgrades to sportsground lighting, carpark capacity and accessibility (resurfacing, new guttering, bump stops, line marking), and construction of two new multi-use hard courts for netball and pickleball.
Seabreeze Royale Development Site (11 Beach Parade)
DA-approved boutique mixed-use project site with plans for seven luxury residential apartments and two premium commercial spaces in a waterfront location, currently for sale to a developer.
Mixed-Use Development 139 Main Road
A mixed-use development with two commercial units and four residential units, including Specialist Disability Accommodation and affordable rental housing.
Toukley Town Centre Public Domain Upgrade
Upgrades to the Toukley Town Centre, including footpath improvements, landscaping, and new street furniture to improve pedestrian safety, connectivity, and visual amenity. This is part of a broader masterplan to rejuvenate the town centre.
Lakeside Gardens
A mixed-use development featuring 109 residential apartments and commercial/retail space. The development will have two 11-storey buildings with resort-style landscaping, a pool, and a private jetty on the shore of Budgewoi Lake.
Canton Beach Sandstone Wall Upgrades and Repairs
Restoration and upgrades to the sandstone wall at Canton Beach foreshore to prevent erosion, improve safety, and enhance usability. Includes new drainage, sand nourishment, and turfing.
5-8 Beach Parade Residential & Retail Development
Bathla Group's proposed residential development of 40 large 2 and 3 bedroom apartments with 4 ground floor retail tenancies in a five-storey building, designed for luxury coastal living. The shoptop housing includes 28 two-bedroom and 13 three-bedroom units. Plans underwent updates after receiving operational consent in 2018, envisioning a prominent urban landmark.
4,213 residents of Toukley - Norah Head are employed, from a labour force of 4,485. Unemployment sits at 6.1%, with participation at 53.2%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.7% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 8,796, about 89% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local labor market in Toukley - Norah Head is balanced between white and blue collar jobs, with a solid footprint in essential services, an unemployment rate of 6.1%, and an estimated job growth rate of 2.6% over the preceding year. As of March 2026, employed residents numbered 4,213, while the unemployment rate was 1.9% higher than the 4.1% recorded in Greater Sydney, and workforce participation was much lower (53.2% compared to 69.1% in Greater Sydney). Census figures show a moderate 23.9% of residents working from home, although this may reflect the influence of Covid-19 restrictions.
Resident employment is heavily concentrated in health care & social assistance, construction, and retail trade. The local workforce is highly specialized in construction, with its employment share reaching 1.7 times the regional rate. In contrast, professional & technical services are underrepresented, accounting for 4.6% of jobs compared to the regional average of 11.5%. Local job availability appears constrained, as shown by the comparison of Census working residents to the total resident population. Based on AreaSearch analysis of SALM and ABS data, the 12 months ending March 2026 saw employment grow by 2.6% while the labor force expanded by 3.4%, resulting in a 0.8 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate. This contrasts with Greater Sydney, where employment increased by 1.9%, the labor force grew by 1.9%, and unemployment declined slightly. National employment projections from May-25 by Jobs and Skills Australia provide further context regarding prospective demand in Toukley - Norah Head. These five-year and ten-year forecasts have been applied to the local workforce structure to model potential growth. Although overall national employment is projected to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, trends vary widely by sector. Applying these sectoral forecasts to the employment distribution of Toukley - Norah Head indicates local jobs would grow by 6.7% over five years and 13.8% over ten years (this represents a basic weighted extrapolation for demonstration and does not incorporate local population forecasts).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Toukley - Norah Head is $1,157 a week (about $60,000 a year), with median personal income at $639 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $50,168 a year against an average of $58,099. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
According to the newest postcode-level ATO statistics released by AreaSearch for financial year 2023, taxpayers in the Toukley - Norah Head SA2 recorded a median income of $50,168 and an average income of $58,099. These figures sit below national averages, and compare to a median of $60,817 and average of $83,003 in Greater Sydney. Accounting for Wage Price Index growth of 10.32% since financial year 2023, updated estimates as of March 2026 are approximately $55,345 for the median and $64,095 for the average. In the 2021 Census, household, family, and personal incomes in Toukley - Norah Head ranked between the 10th and 17th percentiles nationally.
The largest income group contains 28.2% of residents (2,794 people) earning between $400 - 799, differing from the metropolitan area where the $1,500 - 2,999 bracket is largest at 30.9%. Affordability constraints are significant, with residents retaining only 79.3% of their income, which ranks in the 8th percentile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Toukley - Norah Head had 4,151 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 79% detached houses and 9% apartments. 26% are owned with a mortgage, 35% rented and 39% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $350 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,950 a month. Rent absorbs 30.3% of household income here and mortgage repayments 38.9%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Dwelling patterns in Toukley - Norah Head at the time of the latest Census consisted of 79.0% separate houses and 21.0% semi-detached, apartment, or other dwelling types, compared to 55.9% separate houses and 44.1% other dwellings in the Sydney metro area. Home ownership was higher than the Sydney metro rate, standing at 38.9%, with the remaining properties being mortgaged (25.9%) or rented (35.2%). The median monthly mortgage payment of $1,950 was lower than the Sydney metro average of $2,427, while the median weekly rent of $350 compared to $470 in Sydney metro.
At the national level, Toukley - Norah Head mortgage payments exceed the Australian average of $1,863, while weekly rents are lower than the national average of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Toukley - Norah Head counted 4,151 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.2 people each. 21% are couples with children, fewer than in 85% of areas nationally, against 26% couples without children. 36% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.9 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families make up 60.8% of households, consisting of couples with children at 20.6%, couples without children at 26.3%, and single parent households at 12.9%. The remaining 39.2% are non-family households, with single person households accounting for 35.7% and group households representing 3.3%. The median household size of 2.2 residents is smaller than the Greater Sydney average of 2.7.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
14.7% of adults in Toukley - Norah Head hold a university qualification, including 10.7% with a bachelor degree and 2.2% with postgraduate qualifications, lower than 76% of areas nationally. A further 32.6% hold a vocational qualification. 3 schools serve the area, with 1,025 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 962 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational attainment levels show some areas of need, with university graduation rates at 14.7%, which is much lower than the Greater Sydney average of 38.0%. This offers a target for educational development. Bachelor degrees are the most common higher education qualification at 10.7%, with postgraduate degrees at 2.2% and graduate diplomas at 1.8%. Vocational education is prominent, with 42.6% of residents aged 15+ holding qualifications, consisting of advanced diplomas (10.0%) and certificates (32.6%). Student numbers are high, with 25.4% of the population enrolled in an educational institution. This includes 9.1% attending primary schools, 6.6% in secondary schools, and 2.9% enrolled in tertiary courses.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Toukley - Norah Head reaches 90 stops on 34 routes, timetabled for about 770 services a week. The typical home sits about 170 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.1 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Analysis of public transport shows 90 active transit stops in Toukley - Norah Head, comprising bus services. These stops are served by 34 separate routes, which provide a total of 770 passenger trips per week. Transport access is rated as excellent, with residents living an average of 170 meters from the nearest stop. Because it is a residential area, most workers commute out of the district, and private vehicles remain the main transport mode at 94%. Households own an average of 1.1 cars. Working from home is done by 23.9% of residents (based on the 2021 Census, which may have been influenced by COVID-19 rules).
Services average 110 trips per day across all routes, which corresponds to roughly 8 weekly trips per transport stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
57.2% of residents in Toukley - Norah Head report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 95% of areas nationally. 10.3% need daily assistance with core activities, and 48.2% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 8.9 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
AreaSearch health metrics indicate major challenges in Toukley - Norah Head, as shown by mortality figures and chronic illness rates that affect both younger and older cohorts, alongside a low rate of private health insurance at roughly 48% of the population (~4,775 people). This is lower than the Greater Sydney rate of 59.9% and the national average of 55.7%. Arthritis and mental health conditions are the most prevalent issues locally, affecting 11.9% and 10.4% of residents, respectively. Meanwhile, 57.2% of residents reported having no chronic health conditions, compared to 74.6% in Greater Sydney.
The working-age cohort faces notable challenges with higher rates of chronic illness. Residents aged 65 and over make up 28.9% of the population (2,859 people), compared to 15.5% in Greater Sydney. Senior health outcomes present some difficulties, with national performance metrics generally mirroring those of the overall local population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Toukley - Norah Head is largely Australian-born, at 87.8% of residents, with 4.0% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (31.3%) and Australian (31.1%). 5.2% of residents identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Toukley - Norah Head shows lower levels of cultural diversity, with 87.8% of residents born in Australia, 90.6% holding citizenship, and 96.0% speaking only English at home. Christianity is the dominant religion, practiced by 56.7% of the population, compared to 49.2% across Greater Sydney. Regarding ancestral backgrounds, the three most common ancestries in Toukley - Norah Head are English, representing 31.3% of the population (well above the regional average of 19.0%), Australian, representing 31.1% of the population (well above the regional average of 17.8%), and Irish, representing 9.4% of the population.
Differences in the proportions of other groups include Australian Aboriginal residents at 5.2% of the local population (compared to 1.3% regionally), Maltese at 0.9% (compared to 1.0%), and Lebanese at 0.3% (compared to 2.6%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Toukley - Norah Head is 47, older than 84% of areas nationally. 20.8% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The median age in Toukley - Norah Head is 47 years, which is older than the Greater Sydney average of 37 and the national average of 38. The 65 - 74 age bracket is highly represented at 14.3% compared to Greater Sydney, while the 25 - 34 bracket is smaller at 9.6%. Since the 2021 Census, the 15 to 24 age bracket has risen from 9.6% to 11.2% of the population, and the 75 to 84 bracket has grown from 9.4% to 10.9%, whereas the 25 to 34 group fell from 10.9% to 9.6%.
Projections indicate the age profile will change by 2041. The 75 to 84 cohort is expected to grow the fastest at 46%, adding 495 residents to reach 1,575. Residents aged 65+ will make up 60% of population growth, highlighting the aging trend, while declines are expected in the 5 to 14 and 0 to 4 age brackets.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Toukley - Norah Head
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to May 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to May 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Jun 2026 2 months ago headline measures · May 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | May 2026 3 months ago all 9 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 5 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 this month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 17 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for May 2026, not a 2021 count (9,909 at the 2021 Census → 9,908 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to May 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (102021054). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.