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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
The median house price in Hamilton (NSW) is $1.20m, with units at $782k. House values have moved 5.0% a year compounded over five years.
Curious about local property values? Filter the chart to assess the volume and appreciation (including resales) trends and regional comparisons, or scroll to the map below view this information at an individual property level.
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Hamilton (NSW) has an estimated 4,683 residents, up from 4,614 at the 2021 Census — a change of 69 people, or 1.5%. That puts 3,321 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to AreaSearch evaluations combining broader ABS population revisions with new addresses verified post-Census, the suburb of Hamilton (NSW) records an estimated 4,683 residents as of Aug 2026. This marks an addition of 69 people (1.5%) compared to the 4,614 people recorded at the 2021 Census. Such movement is calculated from an estimated resident base of 4,671 following AreaSearch's review of the ABS June 2025 ERP release, alongside 20 validated new addresses identified after the Census count. With 3,321 persons per square kilometer, the local density places the suburb within the upper quartile of areas evaluated nationally by AreaSearch.
Inbound international migration served as the primary demographic catalyst, accounting for virtually the entirety of recent population expansion. Projections for the suburb of Hamilton (NSW) incorporate 2024 ABS/Geoscience Australia SA2 modeling baseline-anchored to 2022, supplemented where needed by 2022 NSW State Government SA2 forecasts based on 2021. Cohort-specific growth trajectories from these sets are also applied across 2032 to 2041. Looking forward, demographic growth is positioned marginally beneath the nationwide regional median, with aggregated SA2 figures projecting a 479 persons rise by 2041, representing a cumulative 10.0% increase across the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
Detail
Residential building approvals in the area remain subdued, averaging 3 dwelling approvals annually and reaching a total of 19 across the past five years. This modest pipeline aligns with local rural characteristics, where construction primarily addresses individual community requirements instead of wider market appetite. Because annual volumes are so constrained, yearly percentage variations and comparisons can fluctuate substantially based on single developments. Residential construction volumes fall well short of figures across Rest of NSW as well as broader national trends. Among newly approved dwellings, 22.0% are detached houses while 78.0% consist of attached dwellings.
This orientation toward higher-density housing creates accessible price points suited to downsizers, first-home purchasers, and investors. It also represents a noticeable pivot from the standing stock of 58.0% houses, reflecting tighter land availability along with changing affordability requirements and living preferences. With approximately 259 people per approval, the district demonstrates low-density development metrics. Based on the latest AreaSearch quarterly estimate, forecasts project an influx of 467 residents through to 2041. Should current building activity persist unchanged, the creation of new residential stock could lag behind demographic expansion, heightening buyer competition and placing upward pressure on property values.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Hamilton (NSW)
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| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 5 current infrastructure and development projects inside Hamilton (NSW), worth an estimated $2.03 billion. A further 48 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $3.91 billion. 14 are already under construction and 13 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and education & training. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Infrastructure upgrades and regional planning initiatives exert a transformative effect on local performance, with AreaSearch cataloguing 14 projects expected to influence the community. Notable undertakings include the Transport Oriented Development Area - Hamilton Station, Newcastle Future Transit Corridor, Parkway Avenue Roundabout Safety Improvements, and Gregson Park Masterplan, with primary details outlined below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
Denotes AI-based impression for illustrative purposes only, not to be taken as definitive under any circumstances. Please follow links and conduct other investigations from the project's source for actual imagery. Developers and project owners wishing us to use original imagery please Contact Us and we will do so.
Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Newcastle Future Transit Corridor
A protected 3.2-kilometre multi-modal transport corridor extending from the Newcastle Interchange (Wickham) to the Broadmeadow precinct via Tudor and Belford streets. The project safeguards land for future high-capacity transport modes, including rapid bus or light rail systems, supporting the Broadmeadow Place Strategy's goal of 20,000 new homes and 15,000 jobs over 30 years. As of early 2026, the corridor alignment is confirmed and gazetted, with planning controls implemented. The NSW Government has finalised rezonings for initial government-owned sites to facilitate transit-oriented development, while detailed design and mode selection are subject to future funding.
Transport Oriented Development Area - Hamilton Station
A state-led urban renewal initiative under the NSW TOD Program, implementing new planning controls within 400 metres of Hamilton Station to stimulate high-density residential growth. The reforms permit residential flat buildings up to 22 metres and shop-top housing up to 24 metres, with a maximum floor space ratio of 2.5:1. As of 2024, the program has transitioned from planning to implementation, with the SEPP (Housing) amendment formally applying these controls to the Hamilton precinct to accelerate housing delivery.
Lingard Private Hospital Expansion
A major multi-stage expansion of Lingard Private Hospital involving the construction of a new hospital building and the refurbishment of existing facilities. The project includes a multi-storey extension providing additional wards, an imaging department, and operating theatres. The expansion increases the hospital's capacity from 125 to 210 licensed beds and expands the operating theatre count from 11 to 16. It also features a new Genea Clinic, additional consulting rooms, and enhanced parking facilities including a multi-level carpark.
Parkway Avenue Roundabout Safety Improvements
Safety upgrades to two roundabouts on Parkway Avenue (at National Park Street and Smith Street) to improve safety and connectivity for cyclists, pedestrians and motorists. Works include kerb realignments, enlarged central islands, full width speed humps, raised shared path crossings (raised priority path crossings), new street lighting/signage, landscaping and off-road cyclist bypasses. Construction began 19 Aug 2025 with completion expected in early 2026.
31-35 Hudson Street Mixed-Use Development
A five-storey mixed-use development comprising two ground-floor commercial tenancies and 40 residential apartments (8 one-bedroom and 32 two-bedroom units) with basement parking for 51 cars. The project includes comprehensive site remediation works. Located in the vibrant Hamilton precinct near Beaumont Street's dining and retail hub, three doors from the Aldi supermarket.
The Store Newcastle
A major redevelopment of the historic former Newcastle Co-Operative Store site into two luxury residential towers reaching 28 and 30 storeys. The project features 352 apartments ranging from one to four bedrooms. Residents have access to an acre of resort-style amenities including a swimming pool, tennis court, rooftop observation deck, and private event spaces. The ground floor integrates retail and commercial spaces, connecting directly to the Newcastle Interchange.
Lake Macquarie Private Hospital Expansion
The Lake Macquarie Private Hospital Expansion is a $137.3 million healthcare facility enhancement delivered by Ramsay Health Care at 3 Sydney Street in Gateshead. Approved as a State Significant Development by the NSW Independent Planning Commission, the project features a nine-storey extension delivering 114 additional inpatient beds, new operating theatres, and consulting suites. The expansion significantly enhances acute and surgical capacity in the Hunter region.
Gregson Park Masterplan
A 10-year masterplan for Gregson Park in Hamilton, adopted by City of Newcastle Council on 23 November 2021 following community consultation and public exhibition. The plan celebrates the site's European and Indigenous heritage while renewing recreational facilities. The new inclusive playspace, featuring a six-metre climbing tower, nature and water play, a yarning circle and bush tucker garden, upgraded amenities building and covered picnic area, was completed and officially reopened on 4 October 2024. Remaining long-term priorities, subject to Council budget, include a community shelter on the former bowling club site, a multi-sports half court, resurfaced tennis courts, potential community gardens and kiosk, and demolition of the deteriorated glasshouse, with investigation works into its removal continuing subject to funding.
2,927 residents of Hamilton (NSW) are employed, from a labour force of 3,072. Unemployment sits at 4.7%, with participation at 73.6%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 7.3% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Local statistical area aggregation by AreaSearch indicates a highly qualified workforce with substantial representation in essential services, alongside an unemployment rate of 4.7%. As of March 2026, employed residents total 2,927, the jobless rate sits 0.6% higher than the Regional NSW benchmark of 4.1%, and labour force participation is exceptionally strong at 73.6% compared to 60.6% across Regional NSW. Census records also indicate that 31.0% of local workers performed their jobs from home, although pandemic lockdown measures during that period must be noted. Resident employment is concentrated primarily in health care & social assistance, accommodation & food, and education & training.
Specialization is particularly pronounced in health care & social assistance, where the local concentration is 1.3 times the wider regional benchmark. Conversely, agriculture, forestry & fishing accounts for just 0.4% employment against 5.3% regionally. A Census ratio of 0.6 workers per resident demonstrates a higher-than-average volume of local employment positions. Review of aggregated SALM and ABS statistical data shows that in the year to March 2026, the local labour force contracted by 0.3% while total employment fell by 2.2%, pushing the unemployment rate up by 1.9 percentage points. Over the identical timeframe, Regional NSW saw employment fall 0.9%, the labour pool drop 0.4%, and unemployment climb by 0.5 percentage points. Broader national projections from Jobs and Skills Australia dated Mar-26 outline expected five and ten-year demand trends across industries, projecting country-wide growth of 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years. Mapping these sectoral forecasts onto the area's worker distribution suggests local employment expansion of 7.3% over five years and 14.9% over ten years, representing an illustrative proportional extrapolation that excludes localized demographic projections.
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Hamilton (NSW) is $1,689 a week (about $88,000 a year), with median personal income at $888 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $56,186 a year against an average of $77,924. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
ATO taxpayer records aggregated by AreaSearch for financial year 2023 place the suburb of Hamilton's earnings in a very high bracket nationally. Median taxpayer income is $56,186 while the average is $77,924, outperforming Regional NSW benchmarks of $52,390 and $65,215 respectively. Accounting for 10.32% growth in the Wage Price Index since financial year 2023, modeled figures reach roughly $61,984 (median) and $85,966 (average) as of March 2026. Census benchmarks show individual weekly earnings at the 65th percentile ($888 weekly) and household earnings at the 46th percentile. The predominant earnings category is $1,500 - 2,999, taking in 31.4% of residents (1,470 people), matching the broader regional figure of 29.9%.
Affordability constraints are marked, leaving 81.9% of income remaining to place the area at the 45th percentile, alongside a SEIFA income placement in the 7th decile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Hamilton (NSW) had 1,993 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 58% detached houses and 15% apartments. 24% are owned with a mortgage, 46% rented and 30% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $420 a week and the median mortgage repayment $2,000 a month. Rent absorbs 24.9% of household income here and mortgage repayments 27.3%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Census records show the local dwelling landscape consists of 58.3% houses and 41.8% other dwellings including semi-detached residences and apartments, compared to 82.6% houses and 17.4% other dwellings across Regional NSW. Outright ownership sits lower than the regional standard at 29.7%, while 24.3% of homes carry a mortgage and 46.0% are occupied by tenants. Median monthly mortgage commitments reach $2,000 against $1,733 regionally, while median weekly rent is $420 compared to $330 in Regional NSW. These figures also exceed national averages of $1,863 for monthly mortgages and $375 for weekly rents.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Hamilton (NSW) counted 1,993 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.1 people each. 18% are couples with children, fewer than in 92% of areas nationally, against 25% couples without children. 35% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.2 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families constitute 54.0% of local households, encompassing 24.6% couples without children, 17.6% couples with children, and 10.1% single parent families. Non-family living arrangements account for the remaining 46.0%, with lone person households representing 34.6% and group households comprising 11.4%. The median household size stands at 2.1 people, tracking below the Regional NSW benchmark of 2.4.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
38.1% of adults in Hamilton (NSW) hold a university qualification, including 25.1% with a bachelor degree and 9.3% with postgraduate qualifications, higher than 82% of areas nationally. A further 19.8% hold a vocational qualification. 1 school serves the area, with 293 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,106 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Tertiary qualification rates in the area are elevated, with 38.1% of residents aged 15+ possessing higher education credentials, exceeding the 21.3% in Rest of NSW and 26.1% across the SA4 region, establishing a solid foundation for knowledge-sector employment. Bachelor degrees represent 25.1%, postgraduate qualifications comprise 9.3%, and graduate diplomas account for 3.7%. Vocational education is likewise prominent, with 30.0% of residents aged 15+ holding technical credentials, broken down into advanced diplomas (10.2%) and certificates (19.8%). Active participation in study is pronounced, with 29.3% of the population engaged in education. Tertiary students account for 12.3% of the populace, primary school attendees comprise 6.3%, and secondary education enrolments make up 4.8%.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Hamilton (NSW) reaches 35 stops on 25 routes, timetabled for about 6,200 services a week. The typical home sits about 150 m from its nearest stop. Trains carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.1 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local public transit network comprises 35 active transport stops spanning rail and bus options. Across 25 separate routes, the system delivers 6,220 weekly passenger trips. Transit connectivity is rated as excellent, placing residents an average distance of 154 meters from the closest stop. Outward commuting characterizes the workforce, with private motor vehicles being the main transport choice at 81%, alongside 9% walking and 3% cycling. Household vehicle ownership averages 1.1 per dwelling, below regional numbers, while 31.0% of workers worked from home at the 2021 Census during potential COVID-19 conditions.
Transit runs operate at an overall frequency of 888 trips per day across the network, translating to roughly 177 weekly trips per stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
63.5% of residents in Hamilton (NSW) report no long-term health condition. 6.7% need daily assistance with core activities, and 57.7% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 5.7 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health assessments by AreaSearch evaluating chronic illness rates and mortality indicate notable health considerations, with widespread conditions appearing across cohorts and slightly higher prevalence in mature demographics. Private health insurance participation is substantial, covering approximately 58% of the population (~2,702 people), well above the Regional NSW rate of 51.9%. Mental health conditions and arthritis are the most frequently reported diagnoses, affecting 12.8 and 8.8% of the community respectively, while 63.5% reported no long-term medical conditions compared to 63.3% across Regional NSW. Chronic conditions show elevated prevalence among working-age individuals. Seniors aged 65 and over comprise 20.0% of residents (936 people), below the 23.3% share observed across Regional NSW, with senior health indicators presenting certain challenges despite ranking lower on national scales than the general population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Hamilton (NSW) is largely Australian-born, at 82.1% of residents, with 11.7% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (27.5%) and Australian (25.3%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural metrics align closely with wider regional standards, with 88.5% of the population holding citizenship, 82.1% born in Australia, and 88.3% speaking solely English at home. Christianity is the primary religious affiliation, accounting for 40.6% of residents. Judaism represents the clearest relative overrepresentation, accounting for 0.1% locally against 0.1% across Regional NSW. The leading reported parental ancestries are English at 27.5%, Australian at 25.3%, and Irish at 11.2%. Other backgrounds exhibit distinct divergences from regional patterns, including Macedonian at 1.2% (vs 0.4%), Scottish at 9.0% (vs 8.0%), and Welsh at 0.8% of residents (vs 0.5% regionally).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Hamilton (NSW) is 39. 34.3% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
Demographics lean toward younger, pre-family cohorts. Updated estimates to August 2026 show 30.8% of residents in the young to middle aged adult group (25 - 44), compared to 23.5% across Regional NSW, while seniors aged 65+ comprise 20.0% against 23.3% regionally. The estimated median age is 39 as at August 2026, identical to the 2021 Census result and 4 years below the Regional NSW benchmark of 43 at that Census. Young to middle aged adults expanded from 29.4% at the Census to an estimated 30.8%, and are projected to absorb the majority of future demographic gains by 2041, increasing by 312 residents (22%) to reach 1,754.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Hamilton (NSW)
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Oct 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Oct 2026 this month headline measures · Sep 2026 baseline |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Oct 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | May 2026 5 months ago all 5 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 7 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Sep 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Sep 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 20 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (4,614 at the 2021 Census → 4,683 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL11845). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.