Altona

SA2

Greater Melbourne / Hobsons Bay

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Data Sources ABSValuer GeneralRental BoardACARA Newest Sep 2026 · Refreshed ABS QuickStats 213021341 How we calculate this
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Statistical Area (SA2) Boundary Analysis

This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.

SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).

Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.

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Sales ActivityProperty Sales Trends in Altona

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DemographicsPopulation Growth in Altona

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Altona has an estimated 14,524 residents, up from 13,556 at the 2021 Census — a change of 968 people, or 7.1%. Growth has averaged 0.8% a year over five years. 318 new addresses have been validated here since Census night. Overseas migration accounts for 74.6% of that increase. That puts 822 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.

Detail

According to research conducted by AreaSearch, the resident count in Altona stands at approximately 14,524 as of Aug 2026. Compared to the 2021 Census tally of 13,556 people, this indicates an expansion of 968 people (7.1%). This updated figure draws upon an ABS estimated resident population figure of 14,428 as of June 2025 alongside 318 validated new addresses recorded following the Census. The local population density calculates to 821 persons per square kilometer, tracking closely with broader benchmarks across locations assessed by AreaSearch. With a 7.1% expansion since the 2021 census, Altona outpaced the wider SA3 area (6.9%), establishing itself as a regional growth leader.

Inbound overseas migration served as the primary growth catalyst, generating roughly 74.6% of recent population gains. Projections for each SA2 area utilised by AreaSearch originate from ABS/Geoscience Australia models released in 2024 with 2022 serving as the base year. Where SA2 locations lack direct coverage, AreaSearch incorporates VIC State Government Regional/LGA projections from 2023, adjusting figures through weighted aggregation from LGA down to SA2 boundaries. Age-cohort growth trends derived from this modeling are similarly applied to all localities between 2032 to 2041. Looking toward long-term demographic shifts, Altona is forecasted to achieve above median population growth relative to statistical areas analysed by AreaSearch, with the locality projected to add 2,019 persons to 2041 based on recent annual ERP statistics, translating to an overall rise of 13.2% across the 16 years.

Frequently Asked Questions - Population

What is the latest population estimate for the Altona SA2?
Total population for the Altona SA2 was estimated to be approximately 14,524 as at Aug 26. This is based upon an estimated resident population of 14,428 from the ABS up to June 2025.
How has the population in the Altona SA2 changed since 2021?
The altona sa2 has added approximately 968 people and shown a 7.14% increase from the 13,556 people recorded at the 2021 Census period.
What is the population density in the Altona SA2?
The population density in the Altona SA2 is estimated at 821 persons per square kilometer based on the latest population estimate.
How much has the population grown over the past 10 years in the Altona SA2?
Over the past 10 years, the population in the Altona SA2 has shown a compound annual growth rate of 1.1% per annum.
What are the main drivers of population growth in the Altona SA2?
Population growth in the Altona SA2 is driven by: Overseas migration (74.6%), Natural increase (25.4%), Interstate migration (0.0%). The primary driver is Overseas migration, contributing 74.6% of overall population gains.

Residential SupplyHousing Development & Building Approvals in Altona

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586 new dwellings have been approved in Altona over the past five years, an average of 117 a year. That places the area in the 66th percentile for residential development activity nationally, about 8 approvals per 1,000 residents a year. Of the 117 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 32% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.

Detail

Residential building approvals in Altona have averaged approximately 117 per annum, totaling 586 homes over the preceding 5 financial years (between FY-22 and FY-26). Over this same period across the past 5 financial years (between FY-22 and FY-26), the area registered an average of just 0.9 people arriving annually per constructed home, meaning residential supply matches or exceeds local demand, expanding options for prospective buyers while accommodating potential population gains above projections. New dwellings carry an average construction value of $553,000, which sits moderately above regional levels and highlights a focus on quality construction.

Concurrently, commercial building approvals reached $145.8 million this financial year, underlining robust commercial investment locally. On a per-person metric, dwelling approval rates in Altona align closely with Greater Melbourne, maintaining steady market balance alongside surrounding districts despite a recent cooling in overall building volume. Recent residential development comprises 32.0% detached houses and 68.0% townhouses or apartments. This pivot toward higher-density formats provides accessible pricing for incoming buyers while catering to downsizers, property investors, and first-time buyers. This trend contrasts sharply with the established housing stock (currently 64.0% houses), reflecting tightening availability of greenfield land alongside shifting lifestyle demands and affordability considerations. Recording roughly 176 people per dwelling approval, Altona displays typical indicators of an active growth area. Projections indicate that Altona will expand by 1,923 residents through to 2041 according to the latest AreaSearch quarterly estimate. Provided construction activity maintains its current pace, residential delivery appears well-positioned to satisfy future demand, sustaining advantageous conditions for purchasers and potentially enabling growth that exceeds current forecasts.

Frequently Asked Questions - Development

How many dwelling approvals have occurred in the Altona SA2 recently?
Dwelling approval activity in the the Altona SA2 area has seen 164 residential approvals over the past two financial years, based on AreaSearch's SA2 aggregation method. The Altona SA2's current population of 14,524 has been supported by 117 approvals on average over recent years.
How does the Altona SA2's development activity compare to the broader region?
The Altona SA2 has seen 0.84 approvals per 100 people in recent years, compared to 0.86 approvals in the broader region. This means that one dwelling has been approved for every 176 people in the Altona SA2, compared to one for every 121 in the broader region.
Is the Altona SA2 keeping up with housing demand?
With the population expected to increase by 1,923 people by 2041, around 962 new dwellings will be necessary. Recent approval levels appear more than sufficient to meet these forecasts, considering the census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling. This suggests that population growth may exceed trend projections in the coming years, supported by a robust housing supply.
What has been the trend in development approvals over the past five years in the Altona SA2?
Looking at development activity over the past five years, the Altona SA2's approval levels have been significantly below the yearly average of 117, showing a notable downturn in recent development.
How many dwellings will be needed to accommodate future population growth in the Altona SA2?
The population in the Altona SA2 is expected to grow by 1,923 people by 2041, necessitating approximately 962 new dwellings. This calculation is based on the current census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling in the area.
How does recent development compare to population growth in the Altona SA2?
Over the past five years, the population in the Altona SA2 has grown by approximately 2,207 people, while 586 residential approvals were recorded. This equates to a ratio of 3.8 people added for each new dwelling approval. This high ratio suggests strong population growth relative to housing supply, potentially indicating unmet housing demand.
Are there opportunities for residential developers in the Altona SA2?
With dwelling approval activity running at an average of 117 approvals per year and a population of 14,524, the market appears to be adequately supplied relative to projected housing demand in recent years, suggesting that developers should have a longer-term approach when considering new projects. With the population expected to increase by 1,923 people by 2041, around 962 new dwellings will be necessary. Recent approval levels appear more than sufficient to meet these forecasts, considering the census average of 2.0 persons per dwelling. This suggests that population growth may exceed trend projections in the coming years, supported by a robust housing supply.
Approvals Pipeline Development applications near Altona

Development applications around Altona

Development approvals is a new addition to AreaSearch. We’re actively expanding council coverage and refining the dataset — details and statuses for some councils may be partial. Check back regularly for the latest pipeline.
Application search is not available in Victoria. AreaSearch holds 48 applications for Altona, but they are a record of past activity rather than a current register. Victoria has no state-wide planning portal and its council coverage is uneven, so we have switched the search off here rather than return partial answers. We are currently investigating a solution. No credits are charged for Victorian applications, and building approvals from the ABS and the major projects we track are unaffected.

SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.

Project PipelineInfrastructure & Major Projects in Altona

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AreaSearch tracks 8 current infrastructure and development projects inside Altona, worth an estimated $986 million. A further 81 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $23.3 billion. 31 are already under construction and 34 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and transport & logistics. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.

Detail

Local capital works, major projects, and urban planning developments play a pivotal role in shaping an area's economic and community trajectory. AreaSearch has pinpointed a total of 23 projects expected to influence Altona. Notable initiatives include the Maidstone Street Level Crossing Removal (Altona), Level Crossing Removal - Maidstone Street Altona, Altona / Racecourse Road Ford Crossing Rebuild, and the Altona Pier Redevelopment, with key details provided in the following project overview.

Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.

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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure

What are some of the major infrastructure and planning changes likely to influence the Altona SA2?
Key infrastructure and planning changes likely to influence the Altona SA2 include: Maidstone Street Level Crossing Removal (Altona) (Construction); Level Crossing Removal - Maidstone Street Altona (Planning); Altona / Racecourse Road Ford Crossing Rebuild (Approved); Altona Pier Redevelopment (Completed); and Altona Connect (Completed). These projects represent significant developments that will shape the area's future infrastructure landscape.
What types of infrastructure projects are impacting the Altona SA2?
Infrastructure development impacting the Altona SA2 spans multiple sectors including Communities, Precincts & Urban Renewal, Business Parks & Technology Hubs, and Residential Development, among others.
What is the scale of infrastructure investment impacting the Altona SA2?
Infrastructure investment analysis indicates substantial capital deployment exceeding $3.2 billion in projects that will impact the extended area, with a notable concentration of investment within the immediate the Altona SA2 vicinity.
How does the Altona SA2's infrastructure development compare to other areas?
The Altona SA2 shows moderate infrastructure development relative to national averages, with opportunities for future growth and investment.
Maidstone Street Level Crossing Removal (Altona)
Category: Transport & Logistics
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 2027
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Removal of the dangerous and congested level crossing at Maidstone Street, Altona on the Werribee Line by constructing a new road bridge over the rail corridor. The bridge features patterned surfaces, porthole-inspired windows, a new pedestrian and bike path on the western side, street lighting, and landscaping with over 70 native trees and 12,000 plants reflecting the nearby Altona Grasslands. The project removes congestion for more than 14,400 vehicles that use the crossing daily, with boom gates currently down over 20 percent of the morning peak.Major construction is underway, with the crossing set to be gone for good in 2027 and the Werribee Line boom gate free by 2030.

Transport & Logistics

Level Crossing Removal - Maidstone Street Altona
Category: Transport & Logistics
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 2027
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

The Victorian Government's Level Crossing Removal Project is removing the Maidstone Street level crossing by constructing a new road bridge over the Werribee Line. Major construction is underway, with bridge beam installation in progress, a temporary road now operating to maintain traffic flow, and almost 700 metres of new shared walking and cycling paths being delivered. The crossing is scheduled to be removed and the bridge opened in 2027.

Transport & Logistics

Halcyon Communities
Category: Communities
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 2028
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Portfolio of four Stockland Halcyon over-55s land lease communities across Melbourne's south-east, south-west and north: Halcyon Evergreen in Clyde (295 homes, $14M clubhouse now open), Halcyon Jardin in Clyde North (280 homes, $13M clubhouse under construction), Halcyon Highlands in Mickleham (239 homes, $13.5M clubhouse under construction, opening early 2026), and Halcyon Horizon in Armstrong Creek near Geelong (234 homes). Communities feature resort-style pools, gyms, health and wellness centres, clubhouses, bar, cinema, bowling greens and pickleball courts, within gated, CCTV-monitored settings.Homes are architecturally designed, 7-star energy rated with standard solar systems, offered with no stamp duty and no exit fees.

Communities

Altona / Racecourse Road Ford Crossing Rebuild
Category: Environmental & Disaster Management
Stage: Approved | Est. Comp: 0
Source / Links: Link 1   

$1.9 million project to rebuild the Altona / Racecourse Road Ford Crossing at the lower end of Kororoit Creek. Upgrade will improve flood resilience, vehicle access during high water events, and enhance safety for motorists and pedestrians using this important local connection.

Environmental & Disaster Management

Altona Pier Redevelopment
Category: Ports, Marinas, Fisheries & Aquaculture
Stage: Completed | Est. Comp: 2024
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

The $11.9 million redevelopment of the historic Altona Pier, completed in January 2024, delivered a new 310-metre-long Y-shaped pier with timber decking, modern lighting, handrails, accessible lower landing for swimming and boating, seating (including from salvaged timber), and emergency vehicle access. Managed by Parks Victoria, the project provides a safe, accessible facility for fishing, boating, walking, recreation, and community gatherings on Port Phillip Bay.

Ports, Marinas, Fisheries & Aquaculture

Bruce Comben Reserve Master Plan
Category: Sports & Recreation
Stage: Planning | Est. Comp: 0
Source / Links: Link 1   

Master plan development for Bruce Comben Reserve in Altona Meadows including upgrades to sports facilities, playground equipment, walking tracks, and community amenities. Project aims to enhance recreational opportunities and community gathering spaces for growing residential population in the area.

Sports & Recreation

Mobil Melbourne Terminal Conversion
Category: Energy
Stage: Construction | Est. Comp: 2027
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Conversion of the former Altona refinery into one of Australia's largest fuel import and storage terminals, leveraging existing tanks, pipelines and deep-water wharf access at Gellibrand. The terminal is fully operational, supplying approximately 40% of Victoria's fuel needs. Additional storage capacity of almost 250 million litres was commissioned by mid-2025 to meet the federal government's Minimum Stockholding Obligation. Demolition of former refinery process units and associated infrastructure commenced September 2025, with works continuing through to end of 2027.Contractor Liberty Industrial is carrying out the demolition. Parts of the site not required for terminal operations may be rezoned for alternative industrial or commercial uses in future.

Energy

Altona Connect
Category: Business Parks & Technology Hubs
Stage: Completed | Est. Comp: 2024
Source / Links: Link 1   Link 2  

Altona Connect is a completed trade and restricted retail destination at the gateway of the Altona Garden Industrial Estate, featuring six commercial tenancies each offering 625 square metres of flexible retail space with complementary mezzanine offices and back-of-house warehouse areas. The development features modern amenities, secure roller shutters, native landscaping, and high-quality design for trade suppliers and restricted retail businesses.

Business Parks & Technology Hubs

Jobs & IndustryEmployment Trends in Altona

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8,172 residents of Altona are employed, from a labour force of 8,366. Unemployment sits at 2.3%, with participation at 69.7%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.5% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.

Detail

Altona features a highly educated local workforce with substantial representation in professional services, complemented by a low unemployment rate of 2.3% and an annual estimated employment growth rate of 1.9%. As of March 2026, employed residents total 8,172, while local unemployment sits 2.4% below the 4.8% recorded across Greater Melbourne, alongside a labour force participation rate matching Greater Melbourne's 70.1%. At the time of the Census, 40.1% of working locals indicated they work from home, a figure influenced by Covid-19 lockdown measures. Resident employment centers primarily within health care & social assistance, education & training, and professional & technical disciplines.

Public administration & safety shows distinctive local concentration, capturing a workforce share 1.5 times higher than the broader region. Conversely, health care & social assistance accounts for only 11.3% of workers in Altona compared to 14.2% across Greater Melbourne, representing an under-represented sector locally. A ratio of 0.6 workers for each resident recorded at the Census demonstrates a higher-than-average volume of local employment opportunities. Analysis of SALM and ABS figures by AreaSearch indicates that during the 12 months to March 2026, Altona experienced a 1.9% rise in employment and a 2.0% increase in the total labour force, holding the unemployment rate largely steady. Over the same timeframe across Greater Melbourne, employment grew by 2.1%, the labour force expanded by 2.3%, and unemployment climbed by 0.2 percentage points. Five- and ten-year national employment projections published by Jobs and Skills Australia as of Mar-26 offer guidance on prospective local hiring trends when aligned with Altona's industry structure. While national employment is projected to expand by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, trajectories vary across individual sectors. Applying these industry weightings to Altona's local job composition indicates employment could expand by 6.5% over five years and 13.4% over ten years (note that this extrapolation uses simple weighting for illustrative context without incorporating localized demographic adjustments).

Frequently Asked Questions - Employment

What is the employment situation in the Altona SA2?
As of March 2026, the Altona SA2 has approximately 8,172 employed residents with an unemployment rate of 2.3%. This very low unemployment rate indicates a tight labour market with strong demand for workers. The area ranks in the top 25% nationally for employment performance, indicating a robust job market.
How does the Altona SA2's unemployment rate compare to the broader region?
As of March 2026, the unemployment rate in the Altona SA2 stands at 2.3%, which is 2.4 percentage points below Greater Melbourne's rate of 4.8%. This lower unemployment rate suggests stronger local employment conditions. For comparison, the national unemployment rate is 4.2%.
What are the major employment sectors in the Altona SA2?
The employment landscape in the Altona SA2 is dominated by several key sectors. The largest employers are health care & social assistance (11.3% of employment), education & training (11.0%), and professional & technical (10.4%). The relatively diverse employment base, with the top three sectors comprising 32.7% of jobs, provides economic resilience. Other significant employers include construction and public administration & safety.
How has employment changed recently in the Altona SA2?
Over the past year to March 2026, the Altona SA2 has experienced employment growth, with total employment increasing while the labour force increased. As a result, the unemployment rate has rise. By comparison, Greater Melbourne saw employment increased and its unemployment rate rose.
What is the workforce participation rate in the Altona SA2?
The workforce participation rate in the Altona SA2 is 69.7%, which represents the proportion of working-age residents who are either employed or actively seeking work. This healthy participation rate reflects good employment opportunities and workforce engagement. The local rate trailing the Greater Melbourne average of 70.1%, showing similar workforce dynamics to the broader region.
Which industries are over-represented in the Altona SA2's employment market?
The altona sa2 shows notable specialization in public administration & safety, which employs 8.8% of the local workforce compared to 5.7% regionally. This concentration suggests the area has developed competitive advantages in this sector.
What are the employment growth prospects for the Altona SA2?
Based on Jobs and Skills Australia projections applied to the Altona SA2's industry mix, employment is expected to grow by 6.5% over the next five years and 13.4% over ten years. This compares to national growth expectations of 6.6% over five years. Steady growth is anticipated across multiple sectors, providing diverse employment opportunities.
How does the job market in the Altona SA2 compare nationally?
The altona sa2's employment market shows strong performance nationally, ranking in the top 25% of areas assessed by AreaSearch. This indicates robust employment conditions and economic vitality compared to other regions. Recent job advertisement trends show the broader employment region saw a 8.9% decline, ranking 34.0th out of 37 regions nationally.
What employment opportunities exist for skilled workers in the Altona SA2?
Skilled workers will find good opportunities in the Altona SA2, with skilled sectors accounting for 39.8% of employment. Key sectors for skilled workers include health care & social assistance (11.3%), education & training (11.0%), and professional & technical (10.4%). With projected employment growth of 6.5% over five years, demand for skilled workers is expected to remain strong.

EarningsHousehold Income in Altona

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Median household income in Altona is $1,861 a week (about $97,000 a year), with median personal income at $945 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $67,816 a year against an average of $83,362. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.

Detail

Taxation statistics from the ATO compiled by AreaSearch for financial year 2023 place earnings in the Altona SA2 among the upper tiers nationally, featuring a median income of $67,816 and an average income of $83,362. These results significantly exceed Greater Melbourne, where the median income is $57,688 and the average income is $75,164. Factoring in Wage Price Index growth of 9.62% since financial year 2023, updated estimates reach roughly $74,340 (median) and $91,381 (average) as of March 2026. According to the 2021 Census, individual weekly earnings placed at the 72nd percentile ($945 weekly), whereas household earnings reached the 56th percentile.

A substantial 28.5% of residents (4,139 people) fall into the $1,500 - 2,999 income bracket, mirroring broader regional distributions where 32.8% occupy this bracket. After meeting accommodation costs, residents retain 85.1% of income for living expenses, positioning the area within the 7th decile of the SEIFA income index.

Frequently Asked Questions - Income

What is the median taxable income in the Altona SA2?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated median taxable income in the Altona SA2 is approximately $74,340. The official ATO data from FY-23 recorded a median of $67,816.
What is the average taxable income in the Altona SA2?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated average taxable income in the Altona SA2 is approximately $91,381. The official ATO data from FY-23 recorded an average of $83,362.
How does the median taxable income in the Altona SA2 compare to the region?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated median taxable income in the Altona SA2 is approximately $74,340 compared to $63,238 in Greater Melbourne. The official ATO data from FY-23 shows $67,816 and $57,688 respectively.
How does the average taxable income in the Altona SA2 compare to the region?
Based on Wage Price Index adjustments to March 2026, the estimated average taxable income in the Altona SA2 is approximately $91,381 compared to $82,395 in Greater Melbourne. The official ATO data from FY-23 shows $83,362 and $75,164 respectively.
What are the main income cohorts in the Altona SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
As per the 2021 Census, the income bracket containing the largest proportion (~28.5% / 4,139 persons) of the Altona SA2's population is the $1,500 - 2,999 cohort.
How do the main income cohorts in the Altona SA2 compare to the region?
The largest income cohort in the Altona SA2 is the $1,500 - 2,999 group, representing about 28.5% of the population. In comparison, Greater Melbourne's largest income cohort is the $1,500 - 2,999 group, representing 32.8% of its population, according to the 2021 Census.
What is the median household income in the Altona SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
The 2021 Census data indicates that the median household income in the Altona SA2 is $1,861/wk.
What is the median family income in the Altona SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
According to the 2021 Census, the median family income in the Altona SA2 is $2,475/wk.
What is the median personal income in the Altona SA2 according to the 2021 Census?
The 2021 Census shows that the median personal income in the Altona SA2 is $945/wk.
How does the Altona SA2's income rank nationally?
According to AreaSearch's aggregation of the latest postcode level ATO data released for FY-23, the Altona SA2 had a median income among taxpayers of $67,816 with the average level standing at $83,362. This is extremely high nationally and compares to levels of $57,688 and $75,164 across Greater Melbourne respectively. Based on Wage Price Index growth of 9.62% since FY-23, current estimates would be approximately $74,340 (median) and $91,381 (average) as of March 2026.
What is the disposable income in the Altona SA2?
The estimated disposable income in the Altona SA2 is $6,863 per year according to AreaSearch analysis.
How does the Altona SA2's disposable income compare to the region?
The altona sa2's disposable income is $6,863 compared to $6,948 for Greater Melbourne, based on AreaSearch analysis.

Housing StockHousing & Dwellings in Altona

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Altona had 5,591 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 64% detached houses and 8% apartments. 31% are owned with a mortgage, 31% rented and 38% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $390 a week and the median mortgage repayment $2,200 a month. Rent absorbs 21.0% of household income here and mortgage repayments 27.3%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.

Detail

At the most recent Census, the residential landscape in Altona consisted of 63.9% houses alongside 36.1% other dwellings (semi-detached, apartments, 'other' dwellings), compared with 67.9% houses and 32.1% other dwellings across Melbourne metro. Outright home ownership in Altona stood at 38.3%, well above the Melbourne metro level, while remaining properties were held under a mortgage (31.1%) or occupied by tenants (30.6%). Typical monthly mortgage payments reached $2,200, exceeding the Melbourne metro benchmark of $2,000, while median weekly rent matched the metro figure at $390. Across Australia, Altona's monthly mortgage commitments sit substantially above the national mark of $1,863, and weekly rents surpass the Australian average of $375.

Frequently Asked Questions - Housing

What percentage of homes are owned vs rented in the Altona SA2?
In the Altona SA2, 38.3% of homes are owned outright, 31.1% are owned with a mortgage, and 30.6% are rented.
What percentage of dwellings in the Altona SA2 are houses?
According to the latest data, 63.9% of dwellings in the Altona SA2 are houses.
What percentage of dwellings in the Altona SA2 are apartments or units?
In the Altona SA2, 7.6% of dwellings are apartments or units, with an additional 28.2% being semi-detached dwellings.
What is the level of outright home ownership in the Altona SA2?
Outright home ownership in the Altona SA2 stands at 38.3%, compared to 30.7% in Greater Melbourne.
What is the median monthly mortgage repayment in the Altona SA2?
The median monthly mortgage repayment in the Altona SA2 is $2,200, compared to $2,000 in Greater Melbourne.
What is the median weekly rent in the Altona SA2?
The median weekly rent in the Altona SA2 is $390, compared to $390 in Greater Melbourne.
What is the distribution of rental prices in the Altona SA2?
In the Altona SA2, 2.2% of rentals are $0-149/week, 31.1% are $150-349/week, 60.8% are $350-649/week, 4.8% are $650-949/week, and 1.0% are $950+/week.
What is the average monthly housing cost in the Altona SA2?
The aggregate monthly housing cost in the Altona SA2 is $1,201, which represents the average monthly cost across all housing types.
What percentage of income do residents spend on housing in the Altona SA2?
In the Altona SA2, households with mortgages typically spend 27.3% of their income on mortgage repayments, while renters spend 21.0% of their income on rent.
How crowded are homes in the Altona SA2?
The average persons per bedroom ratio in the Altona SA2 is 0.8, indicating the level of household density.
How does housing affordability in the Altona SA2 compare to the region?
Housing affordability in the Altona SA2 shows mortgage holders spending 27.3% of income on repayments (vs 24.3% regionally), while renters spend 21.0% of income on rent (vs 20.5% regionally).
What types of dwellings are most common in the Altona SA2?
The dwelling mix in the Altona SA2 consists of 63.9% detached houses, 28.2% semi-detached dwellings, 7.6% apartments, and 0.3% other dwelling types.
What is the weighted average housing cost based on tenure mix in the Altona SA2?
Considering the housing occupancy patterns, the weighted average monthly housing cost is approximately $1,201. This accounts for outright owners paying no housing costs, mortgage holders paying $2,200/month, and renters paying $1,689/month.
How affordable is housing in the Altona SA2 relative to local incomes?
Housing in Altona consumes approximately 14.9% of median household income ($8,058 monthly), indicating costs are highly affordable. The generally accepted benchmark is that housing should not exceed 30% of household income.
How do proposed developments compare to existing housing types in the Altona SA2?
Recent development applications in Altona show attached dwellings contributing 63% of approvals compared to 36% of existing stock, while detached houses represent 37% of applications versus 64% of current dwellings. This suggests increasing densification. This area is seeing substantial increases in dwelling density compared to most Australian locations.

HouseholdsHousehold Composition in Altona

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Altona counted 5,591 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 5,990 today, averaging 2.3 people each. 29% are couples with children, against 28% couples without children. 31% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.4 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.

Detail

Family arrangements constitute the majority of local living arrangements at 67.2%, including 28.7% couples with children, 27.5% couples without children, and 9.8% single parent families. Non-family households account for 32.8% of the total, driven by single-person dwellings at 30.6% and group households at 2.4%. With an average of 2.3 people per dwelling, household sizes in Altona are somewhat smaller than the Greater Melbourne median of 2.6.

Frequently Asked Questions - Households

How many households are in the Altona SA2?
As of the 2021 Census, the Altona SA2 had 5,591 households. Based on population growth patterns, this has grown by approximately 7.1% to an estimated 5,990 households today.
What is the typical household size?
The median household size in the Altona SA2 is 2.3 people. This compares to 2.6 in Greater Melbourne and reflects the area's household composition mix.
What types of households are most common?
Family households dominate at 67.2% of all households. The remaining households consist of lone person households (30.6%), group households (2.4%), and other household types (0.0%).
How are families structured in the area?
Among the 3,757 family households, 28.7% are couples with children, 27.5% are couples without children at home, and 9.8% are single parent families. This mix shapes local demand for schools, family services, and housing types.
How does the Altona SA2 compare to regional household patterns?
Compared to Greater Melbourne, the Altona SA2 shows distinct household patterns. Lone person households are notably over-represented at 30.6% (versus 24.8% regionally). This higher proportion of single-person households drives demand for smaller dwellings and different community services.
What is the average family size?
Families in the Altona SA2 have an average of 1.4 children, matching the Greater Melbourne average of 1.4. This influences local demand for child-related services and larger family homes.
What are the marriage patterns in the Altona SA2?
Marriage patterns reveal 47.1% of the adult population are currently married, while 34.1% have never married. This compares to 47.0% married and 38.0% never married across Greater Melbourne.
How significant are single-person households?
Single-person households represent 30.6% of all households in the Altona SA2, higher than the regional average of 24.8%. This affects demand for smaller dwellings and single-person accommodation.
Are shared living arrangements common?
Group households (unrelated people sharing) account for 2.4% of households, well below the Greater Melbourne average of 4.3%. This low rate suggests limited student or young professional shared accommodation.
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EducationSchools & Education in Altona

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35.5% of adults in Altona hold a university qualification, including 22.9% with a bachelor degree and 8.5% with postgraduate qualifications, higher than 76% of areas nationally. A further 18.8% hold a vocational qualification. 5 schools serve the area, with 2,959 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,079 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.

Detail

Educational attainment in the area is prominent across the region, with 35.5% of residents aged 15+ holding tertiary qualifications, tracking higher than both the Australian average of 30.4% and the SA4 region figure of 32.0%. Bachelor degrees represent the most common credential at 22.9%, followed by postgraduate qualifications at 8.5% and graduate diplomas at 4.1%. Vocational and technical pathways are also well represented, with 29.8% of residents aged 15+ possessing vocational credentials, including advanced diplomas (11.0%) and certificates (18.8%). Participation in formal study remains strong, with 26.9% of the local population actively undertaking education.

Within this cohort, primary schooling accounts for 9.7%, secondary schooling represents 6.3%, and tertiary studies comprise 4.8%.

Frequently Asked Questions - Education

What percentage of people in the Altona SA2 have university qualifications?
35.5% of people aged 15 and over in the Altona SA2 have university qualifications, compared to 37.0% in the broader region.
What percentage of people in the Altona SA2 have no formal qualifications?
34.7% of people aged 15 and over in the Altona SA2 have no formal qualifications, compared to 35.2% regionally.
How does the Altona SA2's education level compare to national averages?
The altona sa2 ranks in the 76th percentile nationally for education based on AreaSearch's analysis of qualification and performance metrics.
What types of qualifications are most common in the Altona SA2?
The most common qualifications in the Altona SA2 are: Bachelor Degree (22.9%), Certificate (18.8%), Advanced Diploma (11.0%).
What proportion of the Altona SA2's population is currently attending educational institutions?
26.9% of the population in the Altona SA2 is currently engaged in formal education, with 9.7% in primary school, 6.3% in secondary school, 4.8% at university.
What is the ICSEA score for schools in the Altona SA2?
The average ICSEA (Index of Community Socio-Educational Advantage) score for schools in the Altona SA2 is 1079, indicating average socio-educational advantage (national average is 1000).
How many schools are located within the Altona SA2?
There are 5 schools within the Altona SA2, with a combined enrollment of approximately 2,959 students.
What types of schools are available in the Altona SA2?
The altona sa2 includes 3 primary schools, 1 secondary school, 1 combined school.

Schools Detail

AmenitiesServices & Amenities in Altona

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Getting AroundTransport & Commuting in Altona

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Public transport in Altona reaches 75 stops on 11 routes, timetabled for about 4,900 services a week. The typical home sits about 190 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.1 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.

Detail

Local transit analysis identifies 75 active transport stops in Altona providing bus connections across 11 individual routes, delivering 4,850 weekly passenger trips in total. Commuter access is rated as excellent, with residents situated an average distance of 191 meters from their nearest transit point. As a primarily residential community, outward travel is common, with private vehicles accounting for 82% of journeys and trains carrying 10%. Vehicle ownership stands at an average of 1.1 per dwelling, below regional norms. In addition, 40.1% of workers reported working from home at the 2021 Census, a metric subject to pandemic-related conditions.

Across all transit lines, service levels average 692 trips per day, which translates to roughly 64 weekly trips per individual stop.

Frequently Asked Questions - Transport

How many public transport stops are in Altona?
There are 75 public transport stops within the Altona SA2.
How frequent are the transport services in Altona?
the Altona SA2 has 4,850 weekly trips across 11 routes, averaging 692 trips per day.
How far are residents from public transport in Altona?
On average, residential properties are 191 meters from the nearest transport stop.

Transport Stops Detail

HealthcareHealth Services in Altona

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69.0% of residents in Altona report no long-term health condition, a healthier profile than 80% of areas nationally. 6.0% need daily assistance with core activities, and 60.8% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 3.8 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.

Detail

Health assessments across Altona indicate positive community outcomes based on AreaSearch evaluations of mortality figures and chronic illness metrics, with younger age groups showing minimal prevalence of standard health ailments. Private health insurance uptake is notably high, covering approximately 61% of the population (8,830 people), outperforming Greater Melbourne at 56.7% and the Australian average of 55.7%. Arthritis and mental health conditions represent the most prevalent health concerns in the community, affecting 7.8 and 7.7% of residents, respectively. Meanwhile, 69.0% of locals report having no long-term medical conditions, compared to 72.6% across Greater Melbourne.

Residents under the age of 65 display better than average health outcomes. Senior citizens aged 65 and over make up 20.4% of the population (2,968 people), exceeding the 15.1% proportion observed in Greater Melbourne. While health metrics for older residents track above average, their relative national ranking is slightly lower than that of the broader local demographic.

Frequently Asked Questions - Health

How many people in the Altona SA2 have private health insurance?
Around 60.8% of people in the Altona SA2 are covered by private health insurance, which compares to 56.7% in the broader region of Greater Melbourne.
What percentage of the population requires ongoing medical assistance in the Altona SA2?
In the Altona SA2, 6.0% of the population is identified as requiring ongoing medical assistance. This figure is slightly different from the regional average, where 5.5% of people in Greater Melbourne require similar assistance.
How prevalent is asthma in the Altona SA2?
7.6% of people in the Altona SA2 are diagnosed with asthma. In comparison, 7.3% of the population across Greater Melbourne is affected by asthma.
What percentage of people have diabetes in the Altona SA2?
Diabetes affects 4.3% of the the Altona SA2 population, while in the surrounding region, 4.1% of people are diagnosed with diabetes.
What is the percentage of people with heart disease in the Altona SA2?
4.0% of people in the Altona SA2 have heart disease. Across the region of Greater Melbourne, 3.1% of the population is affected by heart disease.
How does the Altona SA2 compare to the region in terms of overall private health coverage?
In the Altona SA2, 60.8% of the population are estimated to have private health insurance. Comparatively, Greater Melbourne sees an estimated private health coverage rate of 56.7%.

Ancestry & LanguageCultural Diversity in Altona

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29.2% of Altona residents were born overseas and 20.2% speak a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (23.7%) and Australian (20.1%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.

Detail

Cultural diversity in Altona surpasses that of many surrounding suburbs, with 29.2% of locals born overseas and 20.2% communicating in a language other than English at home. Christianity stands as the primary religious affiliation, encompassing 49.5% of the community. In contrast, Islam is less represented locally at 2.0% of residents compared to 5.6% across Greater Melbourne. Reflecting parental birthplaces, the three most common ancestral backgrounds in Altona are English (23.7%), Australian (20.1%), and Irish (8.8%). Several European heritages also show distinct local concentrations relative to regional averages, including Maltese at 4.5% (vs 1.1% regionally), Croatian at 1.3% (vs 0.7%), and Macedonian at 0.9% (vs 0.7%).

Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity

What is the level of cultural diversity in the Altona SA2?
Altona was found to be more culturally diverse than the vast majority of local markets, with 29.2% of its population born overseas and 20.2% speaking a language other than English at home.
What is the most common religion in the Altona SA2?
The main religion in Altona was found to be Christianity, which makes up 49.5% of people in Altona. However, the most apparent overrepresentation was in Islam, which comprises 2.0% of the population, compared to 5.6% across Greater Melbourne.
What are the top countries of origin in the Altona SA2?
In terms of ancestry (country of birth of parents), the top three represented groups in Altona are English, comprising 23.7% of the population, Australian, comprising 20.1% of the population, and Irish, comprising 8.8% of the population. Additionally, there are notable divergences in the representation of certain other ethnic groups: Maltese is notably overrepresented at 4.5% of Altona (vs 1.1% regionally), Croatian at 1.3% (vs 0.7%) and Macedonian at 0.9% (vs 0.7%).
How does the percentage of people born overseas compare to the regional average?
29.2% of the the Altona SA2 population was born overseas, compared to 37.3% regionally.
What percentage of the the Altona SA2 population speaks a language other than English at home?
20.2% of the population in the Altona SA2 speaks a language other than English at home, compared to 35.9% in the wider region.
How many people in the Altona SA2 identify as Australian Aboriginal?
0.4% of the the Altona SA2 population identifies as Australian Aboriginal, compared to 0.5% in the region.
What is the citizenship status of the population in the Altona SA2?
85.5% of the the Altona SA2 population holds citizenship, compared to 81.1% in the wider region.

Age StructureAge Profile of Altona

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The median resident of Altona is 42. 19.5% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.

Detail

Altona exhibits a mature demographic structure skewed toward mature families. Based on August 2026 updates, retirees and seniors (65+) account for 20.4% of residents, compared to 15.1% across Greater Melbourne, whereas young to middle aged adults (25 - 44) comprise 26.4% against a regional benchmark of 32.1%. The median age is estimated at 42, matching the 2021 Census figure and sitting 5 years higher than Greater Melbourne's median of 37 at that time. Since the Census, the share of young to middle aged adults has decreased from 28.1% to an estimated 26.4%.

Looking ahead to 2041, middle aged and young retiree cohorts (45 - 64) are projected to drive the majority of local growth by expanding 25% (an addition of 978 residents) to reach 4,897. The retiree and elderly segment is expected to see the fastest rate of growth, climbing 33% to 3,945, while the young to middle aged adult cohort is projected to contract.

Frequently Asked Questions - Age

What is the median age in the Altona SA2?
AreaSearch estimates the median age in the Altona SA2 at 42 years as at August 2026. That is in line with the 2021 Census figure of 42 years, on an age profile AreaSearch re-estimates for population change recorded since the Census.
How does the Altona SA2's median age compare to broader areas?
At an estimated 42 years as at August 2026, Altona is 5 years older than the Greater Melbourne 2021 Census average (37 years) and 4 years older than the national Census average (38 years).
What age groups are over-represented in the Altona SA2?
On AreaSearch estimates updated to August 2026, the most over-represented age group in the Altona SA2 compared to the Greater Melbourne region is the 45 - 54 group, making up 14.9% of the population.
What age groups are under-represented in the Altona SA2?
On AreaSearch estimates updated to August 2026, the most under-represented age group in the Altona SA2 compared to the Greater Melbourne region is the 25 - 34 group, making up 10.1% of the population.
Are there age groups with notable population variances?
Yes, certain age groups in the Altona SA2 show significant variance compared to the Greater Melbourne region. The most over-represented age groups are 85+ year-olds (3.6% vs 2.1%) and 75-84 year-olds (7.2% vs 5.2%). The most under-represented age group is 25-34 year-olds (10.1% vs 16.4%).
What is the percentage of children (0-14 years) in the Altona SA2?
AreaSearch estimates children aged 0-14 years at 16.9% of the population in the Altona SA2 as at August 2026.
What is the percentage of older people (65+ years) in the Altona SA2?
AreaSearch estimates people aged 65 and over at 20.4% of the population in the Altona SA2 as at August 2026.

Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Altona

Data currency Refreshed

9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Sep 2026.

Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.

The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section

Section Source & update cycle Currency
Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections
Population ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline.
Age profile ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate.
Development & approvals ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline
Property sales & rents Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents Sep 2026 this month all 21 measures
Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Sep 2026.
Infrastructure projects Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily Aug 2026 last month all 8 projects tracked here
Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2026.
Employment ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census.
Education ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Transport ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Services & amenities Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures
Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections
Income ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail.
Health ABS, ATO Annual 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline
Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current.
Housing ABS 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures
Households ABS 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures
Cultural diversity ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures

"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.

How the numbers are built

Population

The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 318 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (13,556 at the 2021 Census → 14,524 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.

Age profile

Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".

Property sales

Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.

Rents

Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.

Development & infrastructure

Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.

Employment & income

Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.

Education, transport & amenities

School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.

Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.

Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.

Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (213021341). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.

Common questions about this page

Why can the Altona SA2 boundary differ from the suburb boundary?
This page uses ABS Statistical Area Level 2 (SA2) boundaries for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP). SA2 areas can differ materially from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, even when they share similar names, because they are defined for different purposes and often use different geographic boundaries.
Where does the data on this Altona page come from?
AreaSearch compiles this page from official and industry sources — including ABS, Geoscience Australia, Valuer General, Provider directories, DEWR, JSA, State Transport Departments and ACARA — then aggregates them to the boundary shown and calculates the rankings, growth rates and benchmarks itself. Property sales come from the state valuation authority, rents from state rental bond lodgements, development applications from council and state planning portals, school data from ACARA, and public transport from state transport departments.
Is the Altona data on this page just from the 2021 Census?
No. Most of this page is maintained well beyond the Census. Sourced entirely from current releases: development & approvals (Aug 2026), property sales & rents (Sep 2026), infrastructure projects (Aug 2026) and services & amenities (Jul 2026). Built on a Census baseline but carrying newer measures on top: population (to Aug 2026), age profile (to Aug 2026), employment (to Mar 2026), income (to FY 2023), education (to Aug 2026), transport (to Jul 2026) and health (to 2024). Population and age cohorts in particular are re-based to the latest ABS Estimated Resident Population rather than left at 2021 counts. Only housing, households and cultural diversity remain wholly Census-based, because no more current small-area dataset exists for those measures.

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