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This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.
SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).
Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
ABS ERP | -- people | --
2021 Census | -- people
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Point Cook - North East has an estimated 14,746 residents, up from 14,167 at the 2021 Census — a change of 579 people, or 4.1%. That puts 2,657 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to the analysis conducted by AreaSearch, the population of Point Cook - North East is approximately 14,746 as of May 2026. This represents a growth of 579 people (4.1%) from the 2021 Census, which recorded 14,167 residents. This demographic shift is calculated using the ABS estimated resident population of 14,746 from June 2025 and 16 validated new addresses registered since the Census. Consequently, the population density stands at 2,656 persons per square kilometer, placing the locality in the highest quartile among the national areas evaluated by AreaSearch. The expansion was chiefly driven by overseas migration, which accounted for roughly 78.7% of the total population gains in recent times.
Projections from ABS and Geoscience Australia, published in 2024 with a 2022 baseline, are utilized by AreaSearch for each SA2. In instances where these statistics are unavailable, AreaSearch relies on the 2023 VIC State Government Regional/LGA projections, adjusted through a weighted aggregation of population growth from the LGA to the SA2 scale. Age cohort growth rates derived from these integrations are likewise applied to all locations for the period spanning 2032 to 2041. Looking at future patterns, a major population expansion in the highest quartile of statistical regions examined by AreaSearch is expected, with the locality projected to gain 3,838 persons by 2041 based on the most recent annual ERP data, representing a total increase of 26.0% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
32 new dwellings have been approved in Point Cook - North East over the past five years, an average of 6 a year. That is 0.4 approvals per 1,000 residents. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 8, running ahead of that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Point Cook - North East averages approximately 6 dwelling approvals annually, with 32 residential properties approved during the previous 5 financial years (from FY-21 to FY-25) and 8 recorded so far in FY-26. Because the population decreased during the preceding period, the incoming supply has probably matched demand, providing buyers with options, while new homes are constructed at an average value of $377,000. Additionally, commercial approvals have reached $2.4 million in the current financial year, highlighting the residential focus of the locality. Relative to Greater Melbourne, Point Cook - North East displays far lower levels of construction activity.
This constrained supply pipeline typically underpins stronger demand and pricing for existing housing stock. Construction volume is similarly lower than the national benchmark, which indicates a mature market and potential development limitations. The new additions comprise 80.0% detached houses and 20.0% townhouses or apartments, which preserves the established suburban layout focused on family residences for buyers desiring space. Point Cook - North East represents a highly mature market, averaging approximately 3695 people per dwelling approval. Moving forward, projections suggest Point Cook - North East will add 3,838 residents by 2041 (utilizing the most recent quarterly estimates from AreaSearch). If current building rates do not increase, residential supply may fail to keep pace with population growth, potentially increasing buyer competition and supporting upward pressure on prices.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Point Cook - North East
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 2 current infrastructure and development projects inside Point Cook - North East, worth an estimated $155 million. A further 57 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $51.4 billion. 21 are already under construction and 17 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans transport & logistics, communities, precincts & urban renewal and residential development. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Changes to local infrastructure, major developments, and planning schemes have a significant impact on local growth. AreaSearch has identified a total of 7 projects that are expected to influence the local area. Principal developments include the Point Cook Road and Central Avenue Intersection Upgrade, the Point Cook Community Hospital, the Point Cook South West School Enabling Works, and the Suburban Rail Loop West, with the detailed list highlighting those of the greatest importance.
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INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Point Cook Community Hospital
A new small-scale public hospital designed to provide everyday health services including chemotherapy, dialysis, public dental, and mental health support. The facility aims to reduce pressure on Footscray and Sunshine hospitals by offering locally accessible care. Despite initial timelines for completion in 2024, the project has faced delays with site investigations and builder appointment occurred in 2022, but construction progress has remained stalled as of mid-2025.
Point Cook South West School Enabling Works
Infrastructure delivery to support new schools, kindergarten and open space in Point Cook South West within the East Werribee Precinct. Includes roads, intersections, drainage and service infrastructure to enable construction and operation of new schools.
Sanctuary Lakes Shopping Centre Stage 3 Extension
3,000 square metre retail and office space extension completed in November 2020 with approximately 50 additional at-grade car spaces. The project expanded the existing shopping centre which includes major anchors Kmart, ALDI, and Coles, creating a comprehensive retail destination serving the Point Cook community. Built by Four Sq construction company.
Ison Road Extension
The Ison Road Extension project is constructing a 1.3km four-lane divided road connecting the Ison Road Overpass to Geelong Road at the Werribee Main Road-Princes Freeway interchange. It includes traffic signals, walking and cycling paths, and pedestrian facilities to improve connectivity, reduce congestion, and enhance safety for the growing population in Wyndham's western corridor.
Point Cook Road and Central Avenue Intersection Upgrade
Major road upgrade replacing the existing roundabout with a signalised intersection, constructing a new outbound Princes Freeway exit ramp, adding extra traffic lanes on Point Cook Road and Central Avenue, improving pedestrian crossings and shared walking and cycling paths, and increasing capacity for around 28,000 vehicles each day. Construction is underway with completion targeted for mid-2027.
Suburban Rail Loop West
Suburban Rail Loop West is the final section of the 90km orbital rail line, connecting the Sunshine transport super hub to Werribee. As of 2026, the project remains in the further investigation and planning phase while construction focus remains on SRL East. The West section will integrate with the Melbourne Airport Rail and the Metro Tunnel, providing direct rail access to the Sunshine health and education precinct, including Victoria University and Sunshine Hospital, and improving regional connectivity to Melbournes western suburbs.
Williams Landing Station Improvements
Station accessibility and amenity upgrade at Williams Landing Station including a new lift on the Wallace Avenue side, new Parkiteer secure bicycle storage, upgraded platform shelters and station amenity improvements. Minor works were completed in late 2025, with lift, shelter and bike storage construction continuing through 2026 under the Growth Areas Infrastructure Contribution program.
Greening the Pipeline
A 27km transformation of the heritage-listed Main Outfall Sewer reserve into a linear parkland. Recent milestones include the 2025 completion of Zone 5 West in Truganina, featuring an amphitheatre and education lookout. As of May 2026, minor maintenance and lighting upgrades are underway at the Williams Landing Pilot Park to integrate it with the new Arndell Park Stormwater Harvesting system.
8,818 residents of Point Cook - North East are employed, from a labour force of 9,146. Unemployment sits at 3.6%, with participation at 76.3%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.4% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 12,900, about 87% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local workforce in Point Cook - North East is highly qualified, featuring strong participation in professional services, a low unemployment rate of 3.6%, and an estimated job growth rate of 1.5% over the prior year. In March 2026, employed residents numbered 8,818, with an unemployment rate 1.2% lower than the Greater Melbourne average of 4.8%, and labor force participation standing exceptionally high at 76.3% compared to the metropolitan average of 70.2%. Census data reveals that a substantial 33.8% of workers performed their duties from home, though this figure may reflect the influence of COVID-19 restrictions.
The primary employment sectors for local residents include health care & social assistance, retail trade, and professional & technical fields. The area exhibits a specific labor concentration in transport, postal & warehousing, where the employment proportion is 1.5 times the broader regional rate. Conversely, health care & social assistance accounts for only 11.3% of the local workforce, which is below the Greater Melbourne figure of 14.2%. The highly residential nature of the district appears to limit local employment opportunities, as demonstrated by the variance between the Census working population and the resident population. An analysis of SALM and ABS statistics by AreaSearch shows that for the year ending March 2026, employment grew by 1.5% and the labor force expanded by 1.9%, leading to a 0.4 percentage point rise in the unemployment rate. Over the same timeframe, Greater Melbourne recorded employment expansion of 2.1% and labor force growth of 2.3%, resulting in a 0.2 percentage point increase. National employment projections from Jobs and Skills Australia released in May-25 provide context for potential future labor demand in Point Cook - North East. These forecasts, spanning five and ten-year horizons, have been aligned with the local industry profile to estimate future growth. Nationally, employment is projected to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, though rates vary significantly by sector. Applying these industry projections to the employment composition of Point Cook - North East indicates that local employment could grow by 6.4% over five years and 13.2% over ten years (this represents a basic weighted projection for comparison and excludes local population dynamics).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Point Cook - North East is $2,185 a week (about $114,000 a year), with median personal income at $851 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $53,601 a year against an average of $64,323. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
Tax data from the ATO for financial year 2023, compiled by AreaSearch, indicates that Point Cook - North East SA2 has an income level below the national average. The median taxpayer income in the Point Cook - North East SA2 is $53,601, and the average taxpayer income is $64,323, whereas the matching statistics for Greater Melbourne are $57,688 and $75,164. Adjusting for a Wage Price Index growth of 9.62% since financial year 2023 yields estimated figures of approximately $58,757 for the median and $70,511 for the average as of March 2026.
The 2021 Census placed weekly household income in the 77th percentile ($2,185 weekly), and individual income in the 59th percentile. The dominant income group is the $1,500 - 2,999 weekly bracket, containing 35.8% of the population (5,279 people), which is similar to the wider region where 32.8% of residents fall into this group. High-income earners are well represented, with 31.1% receiving over $3,000 weekly, pointing to substantial household purchasing power. Housing expenses consume 14.8% of income, while strong household earnings place residents in the 78th percentile for disposable income, and the SEIFA index ranks the area in the 7th decile for income.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Point Cook - North East had 4,532 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 82% detached houses and 9% apartments. 49% are owned with a mortgage, 26% rented and 25% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $390 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,950 a month. Rent absorbs 17.8% of household income here and mortgage repayments 20.6%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
According to the latest Census, residential structures in Point Cook - North East consisted of 81.9% separate houses and 18.1% alternative options (semi-detached, apartments, and other dwellings), whereas metropolitan Melbourne recorded 67.9% houses and 32.1% alternative options. Home ownership rates in Point Cook - North East were lower than the Melbourne average at 24.7%, with the remaining properties being mortgaged (49.2%) or rented (26.2%). The median monthly mortgage payment of $1,950 was lower than the Melbourne metropolitan average of $2,000, while the weekly rent median of $390 matched the metropolitan median of $390.
On a national level, mortgage costs in Point Cook - North East are higher than the Australian median of $1,863, and rents exceed the national median of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Point Cook - North East counted 4,532 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 3.0 people each. 50% are couples with children, more than in 94% of areas nationally, against 21% couples without children. 15% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.5 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families make up the vast majority of households at 82.4%, consisting of couples with children at 49.6%, couples without children at 21.0%, and single parent households at 11.1%. Non-family households account for the remaining 17.6%, with single person dwellings at 15.3% and group residences at 2.3%. The median household size of 3.0 individuals is larger than the Greater Melbourne average of 2.6.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
36.0% of adults in Point Cook - North East hold a university qualification, including 22.3% with a bachelor degree and 10.6% with postgraduate qualifications, higher than 76% of areas nationally. A further 16.5% hold a vocational qualification. 5 schools serve the area, with 2,420 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,045 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
The local education profile is prominent within the wider region, as university completion rates (36.0% of residents aged 15+) exceed the Australian average of 30.4% and the SA4 regional figure of 32.0%, showing a strong community focus on tertiary studies. Bachelor degrees are the most common qualification at 22.3%, followed by postgraduate degrees (10.6%) and graduate diplomas (3.1%). Technical and vocational skills are also well represented, with 28.2% of residents aged 15+ holding a vocational qualification, consisting of advanced diplomas (11.7%) and certificates (16.5%). Enrolment in education is particularly high, with 34.8% of the population participating in formal study.
This includes 11.9% in primary schools, 10.8% in high schools, and 5.6% enrolled in tertiary programs.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Point Cook - North East reaches 46 stops on 6 routes, timetabled for about 1,100 services a week. The typical home sits about 240 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.5 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transport analysis shows 46 active bus stops situated within Point Cook - North East. These stops are served by 6 distinct routes, which accommodate a total of 1,112 weekly passenger journeys. Transport accessibility is classified as good, with residents living an average of 235 meters from their closest stop. As the area is mostly residential, the majority of commuters travel outwards, with private vehicles remaining the primary mode of travel at 87% and trains accounting for 8%. Vehicle ownership rates average 1.5 per household, which is higher than the regional average.
A high portion of residents (33.8%) worked from home, according to the 2021 Census, which may reflect the pandemic circumstances of that year. Service frequency averages 158 trips per day across all active routes, which represents approximately 24 weekly trips for each transport stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
77.3% of residents in Point Cook - North East report no long-term health condition, a healthier profile than 90% of areas nationally. 4.0% need daily assistance with core activities, and 51.2% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 3.2 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Data on health outcomes reveals excellent results throughout Point Cook - North East based on AreaSearch's evaluation of mortality rates and chronic illness indicators, with low rates of common medical conditions across both younger and older cohorts, while the proportion of residents with private health insurance is relatively low at about 51% of the population (~7,549 people). This compares to a rate of 56.7% for Greater Melbourne. Asthma and mental health concerns are the most prevalent medical issues, affecting 6.9 and 5.9% of the population, respectively, while 77.3% of residents reported having no long-term health issues compared to 72.6% in Greater Melbourne.
The working-age population is exceptionally healthy, with a low occurrence of chronic illness. Residents aged 65 and over make up 11.1% of the local population (1,639 people), which is lower than the Greater Melbourne rate of 15.0%. Health outcomes among older residents are above average, though they rank lower nationally than the rest of the local population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
43.6% of Point Cook - North East residents were born overseas and 44.2% speak a language other than English at home, more culturally diverse than 86% of areas nationally. The largest reported ancestries are English (16.0%) and Australian (15.0%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Point Cook - North East ranks highly for cultural diversity, with 43.6% of residents born outside Australia and 44.2% speaking a non-English language at home. Christianity is the most common religious affiliation, representing 45.3% of the local population. The most prominent religious overrepresentation is Hinduism, which is practiced by 10.3% of the community, notably higher than the Greater Melbourne average of 4.4%. Regarding parent birthplaces, the three most common ancestries in Point Cook - North East are English at 16.0%, Other at 15.1%, and Australian at 15.0%. There are also significant differences in other ethnic backgrounds: Indian ancestry is highly represented at 8.9% of the population (compared to 4.2% in the region), Maltese ancestry is at 2.4% (compared to 1.1%), and Serbian ancestry is at 1.0% (compared to 0.4%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Point Cook - North East is 37. That is 1 year older than at the 2021 Census. 26.5% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
Point Cook - North East has a median age of 37, which is equal to the Greater Melbourne average of 37 and similar to the national average of 38 years. The 45 - 54 age bracket is highly represented at 16.6% compared to Greater Melbourne, while the 25 - 34 cohort has a lower share at 11.2%. Since 2021, the 15 to 24 age bracket expanded from 13.3% to 15.3% of the population, and the 55 to 64 group increased from 9.2% to 11.2%. On the other hand, the 5 to 14 cohort decreased from 16.4% to 13.7%, and the 0 to 4 group declined from 6.1% to 5.0%.
Looking forward to 2041, population projections indicate significant changes in the age profile, led by the 55 to 64 age group which is expected to expand by 60% (986 people) to reach 2,637 from 1,650.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Point Cook - North East
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to May 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to May 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Jun 2026 2 months ago headline measures · May 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | May 2026 3 months ago all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 5 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 this month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 16 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for May 2026, not a 2021 count (14,167 at the 2021 Census → 14,746 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to May 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (213051580). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.