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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
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North Toowoomba has an estimated 3,422 residents, up from 3,332 at the 2021 Census — a change of 90 people, or 2.7%. That puts 1,711 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
Following an examination of ABS population updates for the wider region and new address checks by AreaSearch since the Census, the estimated population of North Toowoomba stands at approximately 3,422 in May 2026. This represents a growth of 90 people (2.7%) from the 2021 Census, which counted 3,332 people. The figure is derived from a resident population of 3,347, calculated by AreaSearch using the most recent ABS ERP release (June 2025) plus an additional 9 validated new addresses since the Census date. This population size results in a density of 1,711 persons per square kilometer, exceeding the typical ratio found across national areas analyzed by AreaSearch.
The primary driver of this growth was overseas migration, which accounted for roughly 65.0% of the overall population increases in recent times. AreaSearch utilizes ABS and Geoscience Australia projections for each SA2 region, published in 2024 with a 2022 baseline. For SA2 regions lacking this data, or for periods after 2032, projections from the Queensland State Government released in 2023 (using 2021 data) are substituted. Because these state-level projections lack age breakdowns, AreaSearch scales the growth cohorts using proportional weightings from the 2023 ABS Greater Capital Region projections (based on 2022 data). Looking forward, the area is projected to experience population growth above the median for non-metropolitan Australia, expanding by 623 persons by 2041 according to combined SA2 projections, which represents a total rise of 16.0% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
34 new dwellings have been approved in North Toowoomba over the past five years, an average of 6 a year. That is 2.0 approvals per 1,000 residents. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 21, running ahead of that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Based on analysis of ABS building approvals mapped from statistical regions, North Toowoomba averages approximately 6 new home approvals annually. This includes an estimated 34 homes approved during the past 5 financial years (from FY-21 to FY-25) and 20 in the current FY-26 period. With an average of 1.5 new residents per constructed dwelling over the past 5 financial years (from FY-21 to FY-25), supply and demand have remained balanced to support stable market conditions, though recent data indicates this ratio shifted to no new residents per dwelling over the past 2 financial years, pointing to more balanced supply dynamics.
The average construction value for these new homes is $411,000. Additionally, commercial approvals reached $2.4 million this financial year, which highlights the residential focus of the neighborhood. Compared to the Rest of Qld, building approvals in North Toowoomba are significantly subdued, tracking 63.0% below the regional per capita average. This limited rate of new builds generally sustains demand and prices for existing properties. The building rate is also lower than the national average, reflecting a mature market and potential development limits. The mix of new construction consists of 67.0% standalone houses and 33.0% townhouses or apartments, indicating an increasing supply of medium-density housing that provides options across different price levels, ranging from classic family residences to affordable compact units. With approximately 6715 people per approved dwelling, North Toowoomba represents a highly established property market. Long-term projections indicate that North Toowoomba will add 548 residents by 2041, starting from the most recent quarterly estimate by AreaSearch. Should current construction rates persist, the supply of housing may fall short of population growth, which could increase buyer competition and support faster price appreciation.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around North Toowoomba
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| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 2 current infrastructure and development projects inside North Toowoomba, worth an estimated $3 million. A further 51 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $4.32 billion. 11 are already under construction and 13 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and health & medical. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local infrastructure projects, planning schemes, and major developments have a significant impact on neighborhood performance. AreaSearch has identified 9 projects likely to affect the suburb. Principal developments include the Toowoomba Regional Aquatic Centre, the North Street Warehouse Development, The Willows in Harlaxton (previously known as the Northgate Vista Estate), and the Toowoomba Escarpment Mountain Bike Trails at Jubilee Park, with the main projects detailed below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
Denotes AI-based impression for illustrative purposes only, not to be taken as definitive under any circumstances. Please follow links and conduct other investigations from the project's source for actual imagery. Developers and project owners wishing us to use original imagery please Contact Us and we will do so.
Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Fairleigh Residences (The Kitchener)
Boutique luxury apartment development by FKG Group, constructed by wholly-owned subsidiary GFG Projects, featuring 18 exquisitely designed residences across 6 levels. The development offers sweeping views of the Mothers Memorial and Queens Park, with amenities including a private roof terrace, pool, gym, yoga room and entertainment area. Features 2-4 bedroom apartments with generous balconies and media rooms. Prices start from $1.75 million. Only 5 residences remaining as of mid-2025.
Toowoomba Regional Aquatic Centre
State-of-the-art aquatic facility featuring Olympic-standard pools, leisure facilities, and community programs.
Kearney West Estate
Master-planned residential estate by Clive Berghofer Land Sales in Kearneys Spring, Toowoomba. The estate comprises approximately 350 residential lots delivered over multiple stages. Stages 1 to 4 are sold and completed. Stage 5, comprising 34 lots and a new West Street roundabout connection, remains on hold pending Ergon Energy relocation of underground high voltage power infrastructure.
Grants for Growth - Toowoomba Region Housing Infrastructure Program
Toowoomba Regional Council's multi-year housing infrastructure program, developed in response to the Queensland LNP government's $2 billion Residential Activation Fund (RAF). The program targets trunk infrastructure - water supply, sewerage, stormwater and roads - needed to unlock land for tens of thousands of new dwellings across the region. Approved projects include the $20.1 million Central Highfields Activation Project (construction underway March 2026), covering intersection upgrades on Highfields Road and trunk utility relocation. A further $150 million submission for the Southern Water Treatment Plant (est.$90 million) at Drayton was lodged with the RAF Round 2 in April 2026, which would supply water for more than 50,000 new residents across southern Toowoomba, Westbrook, Wyreema and surrounding areas. Additional sub-projects include the Mount Peel Reservoir ($15 million) and South Toowoomba sewerage upgrades ($14.9 million).
Mission Australia Toowoomba Social and Affordable Housing
A $150 million development delivering 185 social and affordable housing units across four apartment buildings of five to six storeys in Newtown, Toowoomba. Comprising 89 social housing dwellings and 96 affordable housing dwellings, the project is led by Mission Australia Housing with financing from Palisade Investment Partners and support from the Queensland Government under its Securing Our Foundations Housing Plan. Construction commenced April 2025 with completion expected mid-2027.
AusRocks Brookview Quarry
A $15 million quarry development by AusRocks Pty Ltd in East Toowoomba. This project will provide essential construction materials and aggregate supply to support the region's growing infrastructure and development needs.
Toowoomba City Centre Master Plan & Railway Parklands PDA
Ongoing city centre renewal guided by the Toowoomba City Centre Master Plan to 2031. It includes the 50-hectare Toowoomba Railway Parklands Priority Development Area (PDA), designed as a mixed-density urban village across six precincts. The project focuses on heritage preservation, public realm upgrades, active transport links, and a 50 million AUD investment in the Railway Parklands, featuring the restored Goods Shed.
YWCA East Toowoomba Social and Affordable Housing
A 16-unit social and affordable housing project aimed at providing dwellings in East Toowoomba, Queensland. Plans were lodged with the Queensland government for approval in May 2025.
1,634 residents of North Toowoomba are employed, from a labour force of 1,720. Unemployment sits at 5.0%, with participation at 60.7%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.8% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 2,796, about 82% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
North Toowoomba is characterized by a skilled labor force with strong representation in essential services, alongside an unemployment rate of 5.0% derived from aggregated statistical area data. In March 2026, 1,634 residents were employed. The local unemployment rate sits 1.1% higher than the Regional Qld level of 3.9%, and the participation rate is slightly low at 60.7% compared to 64.3% across Regional Qld. Census records show that a minor 8.8% of employed residents worked from home, though this figure may have been influenced by COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The local workforce is mainly employed in health care & social assistance, education & training, and retail trade.
The neighborhood exhibits a high concentration of health care & social assistance jobs, with its share reaching 1.3 times the regional average. Conversely, mining represents a minor portion of employment at 1.2% compared to 3.6% regionally. The area is primarily residential and offers relatively few local jobs, as shown by comparing the count of Census working residents against the overall resident population. Analysis of SALM and ABS data from broader statistical regions indicates that over the 12-month period, the local labor force shrank by 7.2% and total employment fell by 8.7%, causing the unemployment rate to climb by 1.5 percentage points. In contrast, Regional Qld experienced an employment increase of 0.1%, a labor force expansion of 0.3%, and an unemployment rise of 0.1 percentage points. National employment projections from May-25 by Jobs and Skills Australia provide context for future local demand. These five and ten-year forecasts have been applied to the local workforce structure to model potential changes. While national employment is projected to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, trends vary widely by sector. Applying these industry projections to the local mix suggests North Toowoomba's employment could grow by 6.8% over five years and 14.2% over ten years, based on a simple weighted extrapolation for illustrative purposes that excludes local population projections.
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in North Toowoomba is $1,256 a week (about $65,000 a year), with median personal income at $718 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $50,001 a year against an average of $61,439. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
Based on aggregated postcode data from the ATO for the 2023 financial year, taxpayers in the suburb of North Toowoomba recorded a median income of $50,001 and an average income of $61,439. These figures sit below the national average and compare to $53,146 (median) and $66,593 (average) across Regional Qld. Accounting for a Wage Price Index increase of 11.36% since the 2023 financial year, current estimates as of March 2026 are approximately $55,681 for median income and $68,418 for average income. Census statistics place household, family, and personal incomes in the area between the 17th and 31st percentiles nationwide.
The dominant income bracket is the $1,500 - 2,999 range, which includes 28.7% of residents (982 people), similar to the 31.7% recorded regionally. Housing cost pressures are notable, with residents retaining only 81.6% of their income, placing the area in the 15th percentile for affordability.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
North Toowoomba had 1,345 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 80% detached houses and 1% apartments. 32% are owned with a mortgage, 45% rented and 24% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $285 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,408 a month. Rent absorbs 22.7% of household income here and mortgage repayments 25.9%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
At the time of the latest Census, the housing mix in North Toowoomba consisted of 79.6% houses and 20.4% alternative dwellings, such as semi-detached homes and apartments, compared to 76.4% houses and 23.6% alternative dwellings across Regional Qld. The home ownership rate was lower than the regional average, standing at 23.5%, with the remaining properties occupied by mortgagors (31.9%) or tenants (44.6%). The median monthly mortgage payment of $1,408 was lower than the Regional Qld median of $1,655, while the median weekly rent was $285 compared to the regional figure of $345.
Nationally, North Toowoomba's housing costs are also lower, with mortgage payments well below the Australian median of $1,863 and rents substantially below the national median of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
North Toowoomba counted 1,345 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.2 people each. 20% are couples with children, fewer than in 87% of areas nationally, against 24% couples without children. 37% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.7 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families make up the majority of households at 58.9%, which includes 20.1% couples with children, 23.8% couples without children, and 13.0% single parent families. Non-family households account for the remaining 41.1%, consisting of lone person households at 36.7% and group households at 4.4%. The average household size is 2.2 people, which is smaller than the Regional Qld average of 2.5.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
24.8% of adults in North Toowoomba hold a university qualification, including 17.6% with a bachelor degree and 4.7% with postgraduate qualifications, higher than 86% of areas nationally. A further 25.4% hold a vocational qualification. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Educational attainment in North Toowoomba is lower than regional averages, with 24.8% of residents aged 15+ holding a university degree, compared to the national rate of 30.4%. This highlights opportunities for raising education levels. Bachelor degrees are the most common higher qualification at 17.6%, followed by postgraduate degrees (4.7%) and graduate diplomas (2.5%). Vocational and technical training is common, with 35.3% of residents aged 15+ possessing vocational credentials, including advanced diplomas (9.9%) and certificates (25.4%). The rate of educational participation is high, with 30.2% of residents enrolled in study. This group includes 9.1% in primary school, 7.4% in high school, and 5.3% in tertiary programs.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in North Toowoomba reaches 21 stops on 3 routes, timetabled for about 220 services a week. The typical home sits about 170 m from its nearest stop. Households keep an average of 1.1 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Analysis shows 21 active public transport stops in North Toowoomba, consisting of bus services. These stops are connected to 3 different routes, offering a combined 220 passenger trips each week. Transport access is highly rated, with the typical resident living 165 meters from the nearest stop. The neighborhood is mostly residential, meaning residents commute out of the suburb, with private cars being the primary mode of travel at 90%, and 6% of people walking. The average vehicle ownership is 1.1 cars per dwelling, which is below the regional average. A relatively low 8.8% of residents worked from home, according to the 2021 Census, which may have been influenced by COVID-19 pandemic conditions.
Bus services average 31 trips per day across the network, which translates to roughly 10 weekly trips for each individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
63.7% of residents in North Toowoomba report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 88% of areas nationally. 8.4% need daily assistance with core activities, and 51.6% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 6.9 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health indicators point to notable difficulties in North Toowoomba, according to AreaSearch's evaluation of mortality and chronic disease data, which show significant impacts across different age groups. Furthermore, the proportion of residents with private health insurance is low, sitting at approximately 52% of the population, or about 1,764 people. The most prevalent health issues identified in the suburb are mental health conditions and arthritis, affecting 11.6% and 8.9% of residents. Meanwhile, 63.7% of the population reported no chronic health conditions, compared to 67.6% across Regional Qld. The working-age cohort experiences elevated rates of chronic illness.
Residents aged 65 and over make up 17.6% of the population (602 people), which is lower than the Regional Qld level of 20.4%. The health profiles of these older residents match national trends for the general population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
North Toowoomba is largely Australian-born, at 81.2% of residents, with 12.0% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (28.4%) and Australian (26.1%). 3.1% of residents identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
North Toowoomba matches the broader regional averages for cultural diversity, with citizens making up 82.8% of the population, 81.2% of residents born in Australia, and 88.0% speaking only English at home. Christianity is the dominant religion, practiced by 49.9% of the population. The most distinct variance is in the Other religious category, which accounts for 6.5% of residents, significantly higher than the Regional Qld average of 0.8%. The most common ancestries reported in the suburb are English (28.4%), Australian (26.1%), and Irish (9.9%). Notable differences exist for other ethnicities, with German ancestry overrepresented at 6.7% of the population compared to 4.7% regionally, Scottish ancestry at 8.4% compared to 7.8%, and New Zealand ancestry underrepresented at 0.7% compared to 0.9% across the region.
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of North Toowoomba is 36. That is 1 year younger than at the 2021 Census. 32.0% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The median age in the suburb of North Toowoomba is 36, which is lower than the Regional Qld figure of 41 and slightly below the Australian average of 38. Compared to Regional Qld, there is a higher concentration of residents aged 25 - 34 (17.7%) and a lower share of 5 - 14 year-olds (9.6%). Since 2021, the 15 to 24 age bracket has increased from 12.5% to 14.3% of the population, and the 35 to 44 age cohort has grown from 11.3% to 12.9%. In contrast, the 5 to 14 cohort declined from 11.7% to 9.6%, and the 45 to 54 group dropped from 12.1% to 10.7%.
Projections suggest the age profile will change by 2041, with the 25 to 34 age group expected to expand by 198 people (33%) from 605 to 804, while the 15 to 24 group is projected to contract by 20 residents.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for North Toowoomba
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to May 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to May 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Jun 2026 2 months ago headline measures · May 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Aug 2026 this month all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 5 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 this month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 9 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for May 2026, not a 2021 count (3,332 at the 2021 Census → 3,422 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to May 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL32186). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.