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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
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Marden has an estimated 2,793 residents, up from 2,645 at the 2021 Census — a change of 148 people, or 5.6%. Growth has averaged 1.1% a year over five years. Overseas migration accounts for 92.0% of that increase. That puts 2,635 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
Following examination of demographic adjustments from the ABS for the wider region, alongside newly confirmed residential locations verified by AreaSearch since the Census, the suburb of Marden has a projected population of approximately 2,793 as of May 2026. This represents a growth of 148 people (5.6%) compared to the 2021 Census, which counted 2,645 people. The calculation is based on a resident count of 2,782, calculated by AreaSearch using the most recent ABS ERP statistics (June 2025) plus an additional 18 validated new addresses added since the Census. This population level corresponds to a density of 2,634 persons per square kilometer, placing the suburb of Marden in the top quartile of Australian locations analyzed by AreaSearch.
Over the last ten years, the suburb of Marden has shown steady growth with a 1.6% compound annual growth rate, exceeding that of the SA3 region. Population gains in the area were largely supported by net overseas migration, which made up approximately 92.0% of the total population growth over recent periods. AreaSearch utilizes the ABS/Geoscience Australia demographic forecasts for each SA2 region, which were published in 2024 using 2022 as the base reference year. For any SA2 regions lacking this coverage, and for the years after 2032, the state government projections by age group, published in 2023 using 2021 data, are utilized and adjusted via a weighted aggregation methodology from the LGA to the SA2 level. In terms of future population shifts, the suburb of Marden is projected to experience growth slightly below the national median, with an anticipated increase of 283 persons by 2041 based on compiled SA2 projections, representing a total rise of 9.7% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
89 new dwellings have been approved in Marden over the past five years, an average of 17 a year. That is 6.7 approvals per 1,000 residents. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 12, well below that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
According to AreaSearch evaluations of building consent statistics from the ABS, which have been mapped from local area data, Marden has averaged approximately 17 dwellings receiving development approval each year. This translates to an estimated 89 homes approved during the past 5 financial years (between FY-21 and FY-25) and 11 so far in FY-26. With an average of 1.6 new residents per year added for each new residence over the past 5 financial years (between FY-21 and FY-25), demand and new construction appear balanced, supporting stable market conditions. New dwellings carry an average estimated construction cost of $836,000, indicating that builders are targeting the higher-end residential market.
Furthermore, there have been $11.3 million in commercial building approvals registered during the current financial year, showing a moderate level of non-residential investment. When evaluated against Greater Adelaide, Marden displays a similar level of residential construction per capita, maintaining a market balance in line with the surrounding metropolitan area, though building activity has slowed down recently. Recent building approvals consist of 62.0% standalone houses and 38.0% semi-detached properties or apartments. This rising proportion of multi-dwelling options offers choices across multiple price points, ranging from traditional family houses to more affordable, smaller residences. Current building trends lean more toward standalone homes than the historical baseline suggests (which was 44.0% at the Census), highlighting persistent demand for single-family residences despite densification trends. With approximately 191 people for every residential approval, Marden exhibits features typical of a low density area. Looking forward, the population of Marden is projected to rise by 272 residents by 2041, starting from the most recent quarterly projections by AreaSearch. Given current building trends, the supply of new housing is positioned to accommodate this demand, creating favorable conditions for home buyers and potentially helping the population expand beyond current baseline forecasts.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Marden
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| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 3 current infrastructure and development projects inside Marden. A further 5 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $46 million. 3 are already under construction. The pipeline spans residential development, sports & recreation and education & training. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local infrastructure projects, major planning initiatives, and public investments are major drivers of regional growth. A total of 3 projects have been identified by AreaSearch as having a potential impact on this area. Major initiatives include the Broad Street Reserve Playground Upgrade, the Marden Connect Development, the Felixstow Intergenerational Community, and the Klemzig Interchange Upgrade, with details provided below on the most significant works.
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Broad Street Reserve Playground Upgrade
The City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters Council is upgrading the playground equipment at Broad Street Reserve, Marden, to create a more enjoyable and accessible play space for the community. The project cost is $120,000.
Felixstow Intergenerational Community
A six-storey intergenerational community with retirement, aged care, disability, family housing and build-to-rent apartments.
Marden Connect Development
The Marden Connect development by Qattro involves the replacement of ageing medium density public housing stock with contemporary medium to high-density housing, comprising 170 dwellings, with 66 designated as affordable homes through the State Government's Affordable Homes Program. The project also incorporates Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) principles.
East Marden Primary School Major Upgrades
East Marden Primary School is undergoing a facility upgrade, including a new administration building with reception/foyer, leadership offices, meeting rooms, staff preparation space, a staff room, and unisex staff and student amenities. Additionally, two new buildings will comprise general learning areas, withdrawal areas, teacher preparation space, and unisex student amenities. The project also involves the demolition of ageing infrastructure. Project budget is $8.91 million.
Payneham Memorial Swimming Centre Redevelopment
The $60 million redevelopment of the Payneham Memorial Swimming Centre into a state-of-the-art aquatic facility. It includes a 10-lane 50m outdoor pool, two indoor pools (learn to swim pool and 25m pool), a 14m high water slide, outdoor splash play area, new change rooms, a multi-purpose meeting room, and kiosk. Expected completion early 2026.
Gilberton Swing Bridge Redevelopment Project
Redevelopment of the heritage-listed Gilberton Swing Bridge, located within the River Torrens Linear Park, connecting St Peters and Gilberton. The project involved a total refurbishment to meet modern safety and design standards while retaining historical significance. Opened in January 2018, the new bridge incorporated recycled plastic bags for decking.
Klemzig Interchange Upgrade
Major upgrade of the Klemzig O-Bahn guided busway interchange including new sheltered waiting areas, improved accessibility, real-time passenger information, and enhanced park 'n' ride facilities, completed in 2021.
Lochiel Park
Completed 15 hectare sustainable residential village developed by Renewal SA on the former Lochiel Park education site, about 8 km from the Adelaide CBD. The project created an award-winning green village with over 100 dwellings, parkland, wetlands, recycled stormwater systems, solar technologies and high-efficiency homes, including South Australia's first zero-carbon home.
1,692 residents of Marden are employed, from a labour force of 1,728. Unemployment sits at 2.1%, with participation at 70.8%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 7.0% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Marden features a highly qualified labor force, with a strong presence of workers in essential public services, a very low unemployment rate of 2.1%, and an estimated job growth rate of 5.3% over the prior year, based on AreaSearch compilations of regional statistics. As of March 2026, there are 1,692 working residents, and the local unemployment rate sits 1.7% below the Greater Adelaide average of 3.8%. Labor force participation remains typical at 70.8% compared to 66.6% across Greater Adelaide. According to Census records, a modest 11.1% of local workers operated from home, though this figure may have been influenced by pandemic containment measures.
The primary employment sectors for local residents are health care & social assistance, education & training, and professional & technical services. The community exhibits a strong concentration in professional & technical services, with a local share that is 1.3 times the metropolitan average. In contrast, the construction sector is less represented, accounting for 5.6% of the workforce compared to the regional benchmark of 8.7%. While there are local business opportunities within the district, comparison of the Census working population against local job counts indicates that a significant portion of residents travel outside the area to work. According to AreaSearch analysis of SALM and ABS statistics compiled from regional datasets, the preceding 12-month period saw local employment rise by 5.3% while the total labor force grew by 4.9%, resulting in a 0.4 percentage point reduction in the unemployment rate. Over the same timeframe, Greater Adelaide saw employment grow by 4.2% and its labor force expand by 4.0%, leading to a 0.2 percentage point decline in unemployment. National employment projections published in May-25 by Jobs and Skills Australia provide further context regarding future labor demand for Marden. These five and ten-year forecasts have been applied to the local workforce structure to model potential growth. Nationally, employment is projected to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, though individual sector growth rates vary widely. Projecting these industry-specific trends onto the local employment structure suggests that resident employment in Marden could rise by 7.0% over five years and 14.4% over ten years, representing a simple weighted model based on current industry concentrations rather than localized population growth projections.
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Marden is $1,518 a week (about $79,000 a year), with median personal income at $818 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $50,282 a year against an average of $75,821. The average runs 51% above the median, a wider spread than most areas and a sign of a concentrated group of high earners. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
Income levels in the suburb of Marden are significantly above the national median according to the latest ATO tax statistics compiled by AreaSearch for the financial year 2023. The median income for tax-paying residents is $50,282 and the average income is $75,821, which contrasts with Greater Adelaide figures of $54,808 and $66,852 respectively. Factoring in Wage Price Index growth of 10.17% since the financial year 2023, updated estimates suggest figures of approximately $55,396 (median) and $83,532 (average) as of March 2026. From the 2021 Census, individual income sits in the 52nd percentile ($818 weekly), whereas the median household income places the area in the 36th percentile.
In terms of income brackets, the largest cohort accounts for 32.1% of residents (896 people) earning between $1,500 - 2,999, which is very similar to the regional average of 31.8% in this category. Affordability pressures are notable, with residents retaining only 83.6% of their income after housing costs, placing the area in the 37th percentile, while the SEIFA index ranks the community in the 6th decile for income.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Marden had 1,207 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 44% detached houses and 22% apartments. 30% are owned with a mortgage, 44% rented and 26% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $305 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,668 a month. Rent absorbs 20.1% of household income here and mortgage repayments 25.4%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Residential architecture in Marden at the time of the latest Census consisted of 44.1% standalone houses and 55.8% multi-unit dwellings (including semi-detached properties, apartments, and other housing types), compared to Adelaide metro averages of 75.2% and 24.9% respectively. Home ownership levels in Marden were lower than the Adelaide metropolitan average at 26.0%, with the remaining properties occupied by residents with a mortgage (30.0%) or renting (44.0%). The median monthly mortgage payment in the area was higher than the metropolitan benchmark at $1,668, while the median weekly rent was $305, compared to Adelaide metro figures of $1,562 and $320.
On a national level, housing repayments in Marden are much lower than the Australian mortgage average of $1,863, and weekly rents are also well below the national average of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Marden counted 1,207 households at the 2021 Census, an estimated 1,275 today, averaging 2.1 people each. 21% are couples with children, fewer than in 84% of areas nationally, against 26% couples without children. 38% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.2 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families make up 57.9% of all local households, consisting of 21.0% couples with children, 26.4% couples without children, and 8.9% single parent households. The remaining 42.1% are non-family households, which are predominantly single person households at 37.6% and group households at 4.1% of the total. The median household size of 2.1 people is smaller than the Greater Adelaide average of 2.5.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
43.9% of adults in Marden hold a university qualification, including 28.3% with a bachelor degree and 12.6% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 14.9% hold a vocational qualification. 2 schools serve the area, with 4,906 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,040 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational qualification levels in Marden are significantly higher than broader regional averages, with 43.9% of residents aged 15+ holding a university degree, compared to 25.7% across SA and 28.9% in Greater Adelaide. This elevated level of qualification positions the community well for professional services opportunities. Bachelor degrees are the most common at 28.3%, followed by postgraduate degrees at 12.6% and graduate diplomas at 3.0%. Professional and trade training is also highly represented, with 25.1% of residents aged 15+ holding a vocational qualification, consisting of advanced diplomas (10.2%) and certificates (14.9%).
Participation in study is high, with 27.9% of the population enrolled in an educational institution. This consists of 9.4% studying at the tertiary level, 7.6% attending primary school, and 5.0% enrolled in secondary school.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Marden reaches 12 stops on 16 routes, timetabled for about 1,300 services a week. The typical home sits about 200 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 0.9 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Analysis of public transport networks shows 12 active transit stops in Marden, which are serviced by local buses. These locations are connected to 16 individual routes, which support 1,285 weekly passenger trips. Transport accessibility is highly rated, with residents living an average of 195 meters from the nearest stop. Due to the area's residential nature, the majority of workers commute to external areas, with private vehicles remaining the primary mode of travel at 79%, followed by buses at 15%. Average vehicle ownership sits at 0.9 per household, which is below the metropolitan average.
A relatively low 11.1% of workers worked from home, according to the 2021 Census, which may have been influenced by COVID-19 containment measures. Transit services average 183 daily trips across the local network, which corresponds to approximately 107 weekly trips for each transport stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
72.1% of residents in Marden report no long-term health condition. 5.1% need daily assistance with core activities, and 56.9% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 5.3 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health outcomes for residents of Marden are positive overall, with AreaSearch analyses of mortality and chronic conditions showing trends that align with national averages. The prevalence of common illnesses is quite low in the general population, though it rises above the national average among older, vulnerable groups. The proportion of residents with private health insurance is high, sitting at approximately 57% of the total population (~1,590 people), compared to 52.7% across Greater Adelaide. The most prevalent health issues recorded locally are mental health conditions and arthritis, affecting 8.1 and 7.7% of the population respectively.
Meanwhile, 72.1% of residents reported having no chronic medical conditions, compared to 67.9% in Greater Adelaide. The population under 65 demonstrates stronger health profiles than the national average. Seniors aged 65 and over make up 17.6% of the population (491 people), which is lower than the Greater Adelaide average of 19.2%. Elderly health outcomes show some challenges, ranking lower nationally than the younger cohorts.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
39.6% of Marden residents were born overseas and 37.8% speak a language other than English at home, more culturally diverse than 82% of areas nationally. The largest reported ancestries are English (20.7%) and Australian (17.2%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Marden exhibits a high level of cultural diversity, with 39.6% of residents born outside Australia and 37.8% speaking a language other than English at home. Christianity is the primary religious affiliation, representing 43.9% of the local population. The most significant statistical variation is in the Other category, which accounts for 3.7% of the population compared to 1.8% across Greater Adelaide. In terms of family background (parents' country of birth), the primary ancestry groups in Marden are English at 20.7% of the population (below the regional average of 27.8%), Australian at 17.2% (below the regional average of 22.8%), and Other at 13.3%.
There are also distinct concentrations of other heritage groups: Italian heritage is highly represented at 10.8% of the population (compared to 5.2% across the region), Vietnamese at 1.6% (compared to 1.2% regionally), and Korean at 0.7% (compared to 0.3% regionally).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Marden is 35. That is 1 year younger than at the 2021 Census. 35.4% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
With a median age of 35, Marden is younger than Greater Adelaide, where the median is 39, and sits below the national median of 38 years. The 25 - 34 age bracket is highly represented at 22.2% compared to Greater Adelaide, while children in the 5 - 14 group are less common at 7.9%. The concentration of residents aged 25 - 34 is significantly higher than the national share of 14.6%. Since 2021, the 15 to 24 age group has expanded from 10.9% to 13.2% of the population, and the 35 to 44 cohort grew from 14.7% to 15.9%.
In contrast, the 55 to 64 bracket fell from 10.7% to 9.3%, and the 45 to 54 cohort decreased from 10.7% to 9.5%. Looking forward to 2041, age projections indicate notable demographic transitions. The 85+ cohort is expected to increase by 82% (71 people), growing from 86 to 158. This aging trend is prominent, with residents aged 65 and over accounting for 51% of all projected population growth. The 0 to 4 group is projected to remain relatively flat with a growth of 1%, adding just 1 residents.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Marden
8 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 8 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to May 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to May 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Jun 2026 2 months ago headline measures · May 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 5 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 this month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 3 sections | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Jul 2025 about a year ago all 3 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Jul 2025. | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 18 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for May 2026, not a 2021 count (2,645 at the 2021 Census → 2,793 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to May 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL40828). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.