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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
The median house price in Kotara is $1.06m, with units at $755k. House values have moved 5.8% a year compounded over five years.
Curious about local property values? Filter the chart to assess the volume and appreciation (including resales) trends and regional comparisons, or scroll to the map below view this information at an individual property level.
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Kotara has an estimated 4,154 residents, up from 3,980 at the 2021 Census — a change of 174 people, or 4.4%. Growth has averaged 0.6% a year over five years. That puts 1,662 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
Drawing from ABS population data updates for the wider region and new address entries validated by AreaSearch since the Census, the resident population of Kotara is calculated to be approximately 4,154 in May 2026. This indicates a growth of 174 residents, or 4.4%, since the 2021 Census, which counted 3,980 individuals. The calculation relies on a resident base of 4,115 estimated by AreaSearch using the ABS ERP release from June 2025, alongside an additional 41 validated new addresses registered after the Census date. This population count yields a density of 1,661 persons per square kilometer, a level exceeding the average of national localities evaluated by AreaSearch.
The post-census growth of 4.4% in the suburb of Kotara is within 0.5 percentage points of the Rest of NSW (4.9%), indicating strong demographic foundations. Overseas migration was the primary driver of this growth, accounting for approximately 54.0% of the total population increases in recent times. AreaSearch applies demographic projections from the ABS and Geoscience Australia for each SA2 unit, published in 2024 with a 2022 baseline. For SA2 territories lacking this coverage, projections from the NSW State Government released in 2022 with a 2021 baseline are substituted. Age-specific growth trends from these data points are projected forward to the years 2032 to 2041. Based on these anticipated shifts, the suburb of Kotara is set to experience population growth slightly below the median of national regional zones, with an projected rise of 214 residents by 2041, representing a total increase of 4.2% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
57 new dwellings have been approved in Kotara over the past five years, an average of 11 a year. That is 2.8 approvals per 1,000 residents. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 31, running ahead of that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
According to AreaSearch analysis of ABS building approvals compiled from statistical areas, Kotara has recorded an average of roughly 11 new residential approvals annually, translating to an estimated 57 dwellings over the last 5 financial years. In the current FY-26 period, 29 approvals have been registered. An average of 2 people per year moved to the area for every new dwelling built during the 5 financial years spanning FY-21 to FY-25, indicating solid demand that bolsters local property values. Newly approved dwellings carry an average construction value of $487,000, which shows that developers are prioritizing high-end residential builds for the premium market.
Commercial building approvals stand at $6.3 million for this financial year, showing that commercial construction is a secondary focus. Recent construction approvals consist of 46.0% detached houses and 54.0% attached dwellings. This emphasis on denser housing options offers more accessible purchase points and attracts downsizers, investors, and first-time buyers. This trend departs markedly from the current housing stock, which is 88.0% houses, reflecting a scarcity of vacant land and a shift toward modern lifestyle needs and budget considerations. The ratio of approximately 631 people for every residential approval highlights the highly mature state of the local market. Looking forward, the suburb of Kotara is projected to add 175 residents by 2041, starting from the most recent AreaSearch quarterly estimation. Under current construction trends, new dwelling additions should easily satisfy demand, maintaining favorable conditions for buyers and potentially supporting population growth above forecast levels.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Kotara
Loading development applications…
| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
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SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 2 current infrastructure and development projects inside Kotara, worth an estimated $4.02 billion. A further 29 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $7.48 billion. 5 are already under construction and 11 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and retail. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Development projects and planning changes have a significant influence on local property performance. AreaSearch has identified 4 projects that are expected to impact the local area. The key developments include the John Hunter Health and Innovation Precinct, the Westfield Kotara Mixed-Use Redevelopment, the Kotara Transport Oriented Development Precinct, and Uniting Charlestown, with details on the most significant works provided below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Westfield Kotara Mixed-Use Redevelopment
Scentre Group is progressing plans for a significant mixed-use redevelopment of the Westfield Kotara site to create a 'town centre of the future.' The project involves integrating high-density residential housing with the established retail hub, utilizing approximately 60% of existing land currently used for car parks. This initiative is part of a broader strategy to deliver over 16,000 dwellings across several Westfield destinations by leveraging strategic masterplanning. The redevelopment aims to enhance community connectivity by adding a substantial residential component near transport and shopping infrastructure.
Kotara Transport Oriented Development Precinct
The Kotara Transport Oriented Development (TOD) Precinct is a state-led rezoning initiative aimed at increasing housing supply within 400m of Kotara station. The planning controls, which became effective in May 2024, facilitate mid-rise residential flat buildings and shop-top housing with heights up to 22m. The precinct development is integrated with the Safe Accessible Transport (SAT) program, which is delivering a major accessibility upgrade to Kotara Station including new lifts, a new kiss and ride zone, and improved pedestrian connections to support the projected increase in local residents.
John Hunter Health and Innovation Precinct
The $835 million John Hunter Health and Innovation Precinct is a major redevelopment of the John Hunter and John Hunter Children's Hospitals. The centerpiece is a new seven-storey Acute Services Building delivering an expanded Emergency Department, 22 operating theatres, increased ICU capacity, and specialized care units. Construction is advancing rapidly toward completion in 2026, followed by operational commissioning and subsequent refurbishment works.
Uniting Charlestown
A $300 million landmark seniors living and aged care development on the former TAFE campus at Tiral Street, Charlestown. Stage 1 delivers a 120-bed residential aged care home and 96 independent living units (ILUs). Stage 2 adds 107 ILUs and 133 residential apartments across four buildings ranging from 5 to 14 storeys. Amenities include a wellness centre, hairdresser, cafe, swimming pool, clubhouse, landscaped rooftop with BBQ area, walking paths, chapel and multi-faith space, and visiting rooms for GPs and allied health practitioners.The first seniors living development in NSW to receive State Significant Development Approval (SSDA) under the Housing State Environmental Planning Policy. Project management by TSA Riley, architecture by Plus Architecture.
27 Dickinson Street Residential Development
DA approved development site for 27 apartments and one commercial space on a 1,214sqm corner block with 23 on-site car parks. The low-rise residential apartment complex is strategically positioned within walking distance of Charlestown Square and public transport links, targeting first home owners, affordable housing and investors.
14 Frederick Street Residential Development
Demolition of existing buildings and construction of a 7-storey building comprising 29 units. Apartment configurations include 1 one-bedroom apartment, 25 two-bedroom apartments and 3 three-bedroom apartments. Car parking for 31 vehicles proposed.
Lambton Park Master Plan
A comprehensive master plan approved by Newcastle Council to guide the future development of Lambton Park. The plan focuses on enhancing facilities, community engagement, heritage preservation, and recreational opportunities while maintaining the park as an open green space. Key developments include Lambton Pool upgrades, heritage rotunda preservation, improved accessibility, tennis courts, bowling club facilities, childrens playgrounds, walking tracks, and the transformation of the former Baby Health Centre into a modern cafe.
25 Marshall Street Residential Development
Application for demolition of an existing dwelling and erection of four two-storey dwellings on a 1,492 my site in a residential suburb.
2,321 residents of Kotara are employed, from a labour force of 2,397. Unemployment sits at 3.2%, with participation at 71.6%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 7.1% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 4,855, about 117% of the resident population, so the area draws in more workers than it sends out. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local workforce is highly educated with significant representation in essential services, alongside an unemployment rate of just 3.2% according to AreaSearch statistics. In March 2026, there were 2,321 employed residents, maintaining an unemployment rate 0.9% lower than the Regional NSW average of 4.1%. Furthermore, labor participation is exceptionally strong at 71.6% compared to the Regional NSW average of 60.6%. Census records indicate that 32.8% of the local workforce operated from home, though this figure was likely influenced by COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The dominant employment fields for local workers are health care & social assistance, education & training, and retail trade.
The area displays a strong concentration in health care & social assistance, employing a share 1.2 times that of the regional average. Conversely, agricultural, forestry, and fishing enterprises employ only 0.1% of the local workforce, compared to 5.3% across Regional NSW. A ratio of 0.9 jobs for every resident at the time of the Census indicates strong local employment availability. AreaSearch evaluations of SALM and ABS data for the broader statistical area show that the labor force contracted by 0.9% over the 12-month period, while total employment fell by 2.0%, leading to a 1.1 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate. Over the same timeframe, Regional NSW saw a 0.9% decrease in employment, a 0.4% decline in the labor force, and a 0.5 percentage point rise in unemployment. National employment forecasts from Jobs and Skills Australia dated May-25 offer additional context on future local demand. These five and ten-year forecasts have been applied to the local workforce structure to model potential changes. Nationally, employment is predicted to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, though individual sector growth varies. Weighting these projections against the industry profile of Kotara suggests local employment could rise by 7.1% over five years and 14.5% over ten years, representing a simple mathematical extrapolation without local population adjustments.
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Kotara is $2,077 a week (about $108,000 a year), with median personal income at $927 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $58,021 a year against an average of $73,239. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
Taxpayer data from the ATO aggregated by AreaSearch for the financial year 2023 shows that Kotara residents earn incomes above the national average. The median income for taxpayers is $58,021, and the average income is $73,239, compared to Regional NSW benchmarks of $52,390 and $65,215. Adjusting for a Wage Price Index increase of 10.32% since financial year 2023, estimated figures for March 2026 would be around $64,009 for the median and $80,797 for the average. In the 2021 Census, household, family, and personal incomes in Kotara were situated near the 70th percentile nationwide.
The primary weekly income bracket is $1,500 - 2,999, containing 31.9% of residents (1,325 people), which is similar to the Regional NSW average of 29.9%. High-earning households receiving more than $3,000 weekly make up 31.0% of the total, helping to drive consumer spending. Housing costs consume 15.0% of income, and strong household earnings place residents in the 72nd percentile for disposable income, with the SEIFA index ranking the area in the 7th decile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Kotara had 1,476 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 89% detached houses and 0% apartments. 42% are owned with a mortgage, 22% rented and 36% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $460 a week and the median mortgage repayment $2,167 a month. Rent absorbs 22.1% of household income here and mortgage repayments 24.1%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
According to the last Census, residential properties in Kotara were made up of 88.5% houses and 11.5% alternative dwelling types like semi-detached homes and apartments, compared to 82.6% houses and 17.4% other dwellings in Regional NSW. Home ownership levels stood at 36.1%, which is slightly lower than the Regional NSW average, with the remaining properties being mortgaged (42.4%) or rented (21.5%). The median monthly mortgage payment was $2,167, which is higher than the Regional NSW median of $1,733, and the median weekly rent was $460, compared to $330 in Regional NSW.
These housing costs also exceed national figures, where the average mortgage repayment is $1,863 and the average rent is $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Kotara counted 1,476 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.6 people each. 34% are couples with children, against 27% couples without children. 21% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.6 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families make up 74.6% of local households, consisting of couples with children at 34.3%, couples without children at 27.0%, and single parents at 12.1%. Non-family households account for 25.4%, which includes single-person households at 21.4% and group shared households at 3.9%. The median household size of 2.6 people is larger than the Regional NSW average of 2.4.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
33.0% of adults in Kotara hold a university qualification, including 22.7% with a bachelor degree and 7.0% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 23.0% hold a vocational qualification. 3 schools serve the area, with 669 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 1,001 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational qualifications in Kotara are significantly higher than regional averages, with 33.0% of residents aged 15+ holding a university degree, compared to 21.3% in the Rest of NSW and 26.1% in the broader SA4 region. This qualification rate positions the local population well for employment in professional fields. Bachelor degrees are held by 22.7% of residents, followed by postgraduate qualifications at 7.0% and graduate diplomas at 3.3%. Vocational training is also common, with 34.4% of residents aged 15+ holding technical credentials, consisting of advanced diplomas (11.4%) and certificate qualifications (23.0%).
A high proportion of residents are active students, with 29.8% of the population enrolled in an educational institution. This group includes 9.7% in primary school, 8.4% in high school, and 5.6% attending university or college.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Kotara reaches 61 stops on 48 routes, timetabled for about 2,400 services a week. The typical home sits about 130 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 1.5 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transit infrastructure includes 61 active stops in Kotara, consisting of train stations and bus stops. These transit points are serviced by 48 routes, providing 2,359 weekly passenger journeys. Transit access is high, with residents living an average of 126 meters from their nearest stop. The area is predominantly residential, meaning most workers travel outside the suburb for employment, with private cars remaining the primary travel mode for 96% of commuters. Households own an average of 1.5 vehicles. A total of 32.8% of employed residents worked from home, according to 2021 Census data collected during pandemic conditions.
Transit service frequency averages 337 journeys per day across all local routes, which represents approximately 38 weekly trips for each transit stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
67.6% of residents in Kotara report no long-term health condition. 4.3% need daily assistance with core activities, and 55.9% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 6.0 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health indicators point to outcomes below the national average in Kotara, based on mortality data and chronic illness rates compiled by AreaSearch, with various conditions present among both younger and older cohorts. Private health insurance coverage is high, with approximately 56% of the population (~2,320 people) holding coverage, compared to 51.9% in Regional NSW. Mental health concerns and asthma are the most common medical diagnoses locally, affecting 9.2% and 8.8% of residents. Meanwhile, 67.6% of the population reported having no chronic medical conditions, which is higher than the 63.3% average for Regional NSW.
Residents under 65 exhibit better health profiles than the regional average. Those aged 65 and over make up 16.2% of the local population (672 people), which is lower than the 23.4% share in Regional NSW. Seniors in the area experience some health difficulties, with their national health rankings generally reflecting those of the wider population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Kotara is largely Australian-born, at 87.4% of residents, with 7.6% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (31.5%) and Australian (27.9%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Kotara has a lower level of cultural diversity than the national average, with 87.4% of residents born in Australia, 92.7% holding citizenship, and 92.4% speaking only English at home. The most common religious affiliation is Christianity, chosen by 47.6% of residents, compared to 55.9% across Regional NSW. The primary ancestral backgrounds reported are English at 31.5%, Australian at 27.9%, and Scottish at 9.2%. Some specific European ancestries show higher concentrations than the regional average, with Welsh backgrounds at 0.9% (compared to 0.5% regionally), Macedonian at 1.1% (compared to 0.4%), and Hungarian at 0.3% (compared to 0.2%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Kotara is 39. 27.0% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The median age of residents in Kotara is 39 years, which is lower than the Regional NSW average of 43 and close to the national median of 38 years. Compared to Regional NSW, Kotara has a larger share of people aged 35 - 44 (14.6%) and a smaller share aged 65 - 74 (6.7%). Since the 2021 Census, the proportion of residents aged 25 to 34 increased from 12.5% to 13.4%, while the 55 to 64 group decreased from 10.5% to 9.8%. Looking forward to 2041, demographic forecasts indicate notable age shifts in the suburb of Kotara.
The 25 to 34 age bracket is projected to increase by 20% (112 people), growing from 556 to 669, whereas the 5 to 14 and 55 to 64 cohorts are expected to decrease in size.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Kotara
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to May 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to May 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Jun 2026 2 months ago headline measures · May 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | May 2026 3 months ago all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 5 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 this month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 41 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for May 2026, not a 2021 count (3,980 at the 2021 Census → 4,154 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to May 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL12208). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.