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This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
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Mackay has an estimated 4,172 residents, up from 4,026 at the 2021 Census — a change of 146 people, or 3.6%. Growth has averaged 0.7% a year over five years. That puts 1,054 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to AreaSearch evaluations incorporating broader ABS demographic updates and 23 validated new addresses registered following the Census, the suburb of Mackay has an estimated population of approximately 4,172 as of Aug 2026. This indicates an expansion of 146 people (3.6%) above the 4,026 people documented in the 2021 Census. This adjustment stems from an Estimated Resident Population (ERP) benchmark of 4,154 determined by AreaSearch via the June 2025 ABS figures, paired with post-Census address validations. The resulting population density stands at 1,053 persons per square kilometer, aligning closely with broader benchmarks tracked across AreaSearch study regions.
Net overseas migration served as the core growth driver, generating roughly 78.0% of all recent demographic additions in the suburb of Mackay. Projections for the suburb of Mackay utilise the ABS/Geoscience Australia SA2 modeling published in 2024 (anchored to a 2022 base year). Where locations lack coverage or extend beyond 2032, figures reference Queensland State Government SA2 series released in 2023 from 2021 baselines. Because state datasets omit specific age categorisations, AreaSearch incorporates age-cohort growth weightings derived from the 2023 ABS Greater Capital Region release (2022 base). Looking forward, the suburb of Mackay is anticipated to experience demographic expansion surpassing the median for non-metropolitan Australian localities, adding an estimated 514 persons by 2041 across aggregated SA2 projections, representing an overall increase of 11.9% across the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
Detail
Building approvals in Mackay remain minimal, registering an average of 2 approvals annually and accumulating 13 approvals over the preceding five years. Such subdued activity mirrors standard rural conditions where modest dwelling requirements, subdued demand, and infrastructure thresholds constrain development. Because baseline approvals are minimal, singular construction projects can generate marked shifts in annual growth metrics and comparative indicators. Construction activity in Mackay trails significantly behind Rest of Qld and remains substantially below nationwide norms. The approved dwelling composition consists of 14.0% detached houses alongside 86.0% attached dwellings. This orientation toward higher-density formats provides more accessible price points while appealing to first-time purchasers, downsizers, and property investors.
With approximately 308 people per approval, Mackay reflects a low density area. Projections indicate Mackay will expand by 496 residents through to 2041 relative to the latest quarterly estimate from AreaSearch. Should current construction rates persist, residential building activity may be insufficient to absorb population growth, potentially creating upward pressure on prices and intensifying buyer competition.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Mackay
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| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 7 current infrastructure and development projects inside Mackay, worth an estimated $878 million. A further 43 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $3.1 billion. 21 are already under construction and 20 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, transport & logistics and sports & recreation. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local infrastructure investment, capital projects, and planning frameworks are critical factors driving regional performance. AreaSearch has identified a total of 8 projects positioned to influence the district, with major initiatives including the Mackay Base Hospital Expansion, Mackay State Development Area, Mackay CBD Revitalization, and Mackay Waterfront Priority Development Area.
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Mackay Base Hospital Expansion
The Mackay Base Hospital Expansion delivers a major clinical enhancement under a 15-year strategic master plan for the Mackay Hospital and Health Service. Stage 1 involves the construction of a new Clinical Services Building (P Block) providing at least 128 new overnight beds, a new Mackay Birth Centre, expanded emergency, surgical, endoscopy, and neonatal facilities, a rooftop helipad, and a multi-storey car park. Funded under Queensland's Hospital Rescue Plan, main construction works commence in 2027 with completion slated for 2030.
Mackay State Development Area
907 hectares designated for renewable energy and biofutures industries. Supports regional economic diversification and sustainable aviation fuel production. Leverages Mackay's agricultural strengths for net-zero transition industries. Declared February 2024 with development scheme approved September 2024. The SDA incorporates two distinct areas: Racecourse Mill area (137 hectares) approximately 5km west of Mackay CBD, and Rosella area (770 hectares) located 10km south of Mackay CBD. Designed to become Queensland's home for emerging biocommodity industry.
Mackay Waterfront Priority Development Area (PDA)
A long-term urban transformation project revitalising Mackay's CBD and waterfront across five precincts. Current active works include the Sydney and River Streets intersection upgrade, Bluewater Trail enhancements, and the redevelopment of the 8 River Street site into a food and beverage destination. The project integrates streetscape improvements, public realm upgrades, and heritage preservation to drive private investment.
Mackay Waterfront Priority Development Area
The Mackay Waterfront PDA is a long-term, approximately 172 hectare urban renewal program for Mackay's city centre and waterfront, including the City Centre, Riverside, Enterprise, Queens Park and Beachside precincts. The project aims to reconnect central Mackay with the Pioneer River, support mixed-use development, inner-city living, tourism, hospitality and public realm upgrades. The PDA development scheme is in effect, council has launched an investment prospectus and endorsed the Mackay Waterfront Place Strategy, and current works focus on public realm upgrades, placemaking, riverside revitalisation and investment attraction.ReNew Mackay is a major private proposal within the area, with residential, retail and hospitality elements across multiple sites.
Mackay Waterfront Place Strategy - City Centre and Riverside Cultural Precinct
Council has adopted the Mackay Waterfront Place Strategy for the City Centre and Riverside precincts. The strategy provides a roadmap for short and long-term placemaking, public realm, cultural activation and waterfront revitalisation actions, including stronger links between the city centre and riverfront, creative lighting, signage, public art, events, evening economy initiatives and support for local businesses. Implementation is the current stage from 2025 onward, with projects and initiatives to be delivered incrementally.
Mackay Public Transport Hub
Concept for an integrated public transport interchange in Mackay combining bus services, taxi facilities, active transport connections and future public transport integration. As of the latest publicly available information, no active construction or funded delivery program has been identified and the proposal remains at the planning level.
Mackay Airport Redevelopment
A $60 million major redevelopment program transforming key facilities. Includes a $20 million runway overlay, $3 million terminal enhancement with increased capacity, a 190-space car park expansion, and the $32 million Milton Precinct commercial development.
Milton Precinct
Milton Precinct is a staged business, retail and mixed-use service hub being developed on Mackay Airport land holdings between the Mackay CBD and the emerging Bakers Creek community zone. Stage 1 civil works were completed in November 2025 at a cost of around 9.7 million dollars, activating 25,000 square metres of serviced lots with new roads and services. The first tenancies are scheduled to open in 2026, with further development rolling out through 2027 and 2028 and all commercial operators expected to come online over a 10-year period.The precinct will accommodate retail, food and beverage offerings, short-term worker accommodation, health care and other service providers, and light industrial uses. It is forecast to deliver 134.1 million dollars to the local economy in its first 10 years and support around 280 onsite jobs once operational, with new businesses expected to generate 42.5 million dollars in annual output. Milton Precinct sits within a broader 60 million dollar Mackay Airport infrastructure program that also includes a terminal transformation, a major runway overlay and expanded car parking, with the terminal upgrade starting in January 2026. Local family business Vassallo Constructions delivered the Stage 1 civil works.
2,183 residents of Mackay are employed, from a labour force of 2,460. Unemployment sits at 11.3%, with participation at 68.6%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.2% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 9,430, about 2.3 times the resident population, so the area draws in more workers than it sends out. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local labour market in Mackay features an established industrial and manufacturing presence, an unemployment rate of 11.3%, and 1.2% estimated employment growth over the past year based on AreaSearch statistical area aggregations. As of March 2026, employed residents numbered 2,183, while the unemployment rate remained 7.3% higher than Regional Qld's 3.9%, highlighting potential for labour market improvement. Meanwhile, workforce participation tracked at 68.6% compared to 64.2% across Regional Qld. Census data indicated 3.3% of workers operated from home, though Covid-19 restrictions should be considered. Leading fields of employment for local residents include health care & social assistance, accommodation & food, and retail trade.
Mining represents a prominent local specialisation, maintaining a workforce concentration 2.3 times the regional standard. Conversely, education & training accounts for only 4.3% of local employment, compared to 9.1% across Regional Qld. Recording 3.1 workers for every resident at the Census, the area operates as a prominent regional employment hub that draws commuters from neighbouring districts. AreaSearch evaluations of ABS and SALM metrics indicate that over the 12-month period, local employment expanded by 1.2% while the labour force grew by 5.6%, prompting a 3.9 percentage points rise in unemployment. Across Regional Qld over the same timeframe, employment lifted by 0.1%, the workforce rose by 0.3%, and unemployment edged up by 0.1 percentage points. National forecasts released by Jobs and Skills Australia in Mar-26 outline prospective occupational trends; when mapped across local industry shares, the five-year national expansion of 6.6% and ten-year expansion of 13.7% translate to projected local job growth of 6.2% over five years and 13.5% over ten years (representing an unadjusted weighted extrapolation for illustrative purposes that excludes localised demographic modeling).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Mackay is $1,239 a week (about $64,000 a year), with median personal income at $835 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $57,931 a year against an average of $72,435. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
According to aggregated ATO postcode statistics for financial year 2023, the suburb of Mackay recorded a median taxpayer income of $57,931 and an average taxpayer income of $72,435. These figures exceed nationwide medians and surpass Regional Qld, where the median stood at $53,146 and the average at $66,593. Factoring in an 11.36% rise in the Wage Price Index since financial year 2023, adjusted estimates reach approximately $64,512 (median) and $80,664 (average) as of March 2026. Data from the 2021 Census placed local household earnings in the 16th percentile, whereas individual earnings tracked stronger at the 56th percentile.
In terms of earnings distribution, 27.9% of the local population (1,163 individuals) fell into the $1,500 - 2,999 weekly bracket, broadly mirroring the wider region's 31.7% share. Severe housing cost burdens exist locally, with 81.3% of income remaining after housing outlays, ranking in the 14th percentile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Mackay had 1,618 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 27% detached houses and 29% apartments. 16% are owned with a mortgage, 67% rented and 17% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $270 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,387 a month. Rent absorbs 21.8% of household income here and mortgage repayments 25.8%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
According to the latest Census, the residential landscape in Mackay consisted of 26.9% houses alongside 73.2% other dwellings (incorporating semi-detached residences, apartments, and 'other' dwellings), contrasting with Regional Qld where houses comprised 76.4% and other dwellings accounted for 23.6%. Outright home ownership stood at 17.1%, trailing regional benchmarks, with 15.8% of properties held under a mortgage and 67.1% occupied by tenants. Median monthly mortgage commitments were $1,387 compared to $1,655 in Regional Qld, while median weekly rent was $270 versus $345 regionally. Relative to nationwide benchmarks, mortgage repayments sit well below the Australian figure of $1,863, and rents remain substantially lower than the national benchmark of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Mackay counted 1,618 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 1.9 people each. 13% are couples with children, fewer than in 95% of areas nationally, against 20% couples without children. 48% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.5 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Family households represent 45.9% of all occupied residences, comprising 20.1% couples without children, 13.1% couples with children, and 10.5% single parent families. Non-family households constitute 54.1% of dwellings, including 48.1% lone person households and 6.2% group households. The median household occupancy of 1.9 people is smaller than the benchmark of 2.5 observed across Regional Qld.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
22.6% of adults in Mackay hold a university qualification, including 15.8% with a bachelor degree and 5.0% with postgraduate qualifications, lower than 78% of areas nationally. A further 31.4% hold a vocational qualification. 3 schools serve the area, with 1,672 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 900 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational attainment levels in Mackay sit below broader benchmarks, with 22.6% of residents aged 15+ possessing higher education qualifications compared to 30.4% in Australia. Among degree holders, bachelor degrees represent 15.8%, postgraduate qualifications account for 5.0%, and graduate diplomas make up 1.8%. Vocational education forms a substantial pillar of the local skill base, with 40.3% of residents aged 15+ holding technical qualifications, including 8.9% with advanced diplomas and 31.4% with certificates. Formal study engagement is substantial across Mackay, with 31.6% of the population actively enrolled in education. Within this student cohort, 10.4% are undertaking primary education, 8.1% attend secondary education, and 7.1% are engaged in tertiary education.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Mackay reaches 26 stops on 11 routes, timetabled for about 1,100 services a week. The typical home sits about 180 m from its nearest stop. Buses carry the largest share of public transport commuters. Households keep an average of 0.8 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The public transport network in Mackay comprises 26 active transit stops operated by bus services. Across these facilities, 11 separate routes deliver 1,096 weekly passenger trips. Access to public transit is rated as excellent, with typical resident proximity to the closest stop measuring 176 meters. As an outward-commuting residential area, private vehicles serve as the main travel method at 83%, followed by 9% walking and 3% cycling. Dwelling vehicle ownership averages 0.8, sitting below regional standards. Working from home was recorded by 3.3% of workers in the 2021 Census, subject to COVID-19 influences.
Transit schedules provide an average of 156 daily trips across the broader network, which corresponds to approximately 42 trips each week for every individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
66.4% of residents in Mackay report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 81% of areas nationally. 5.3% need daily assistance with core activities, and 55.9% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 7.5 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
AreaSearch evaluations of mortality patterns and chronic ailment rates indicate notable health considerations in Mackay across both younger and older demographics. At the same time, private hospital and health cover is widespread, held by approximately 56% of the population (~2,332 people), exceeding the 52.5% rate recorded throughout Regional Qld. Mental health conditions and arthritis represent the primary chronic medical issues identified, affecting 10.8 and 7.5% of local residents, respectively. Meanwhile, 66.4% of residents reported having no diagnosed long-term health ailments, relative to 67.6% across Regional Qld. Chronic condition rates are elevated among the working-age population.
Residents aged 65 and over account for 13.7% of the community (571 people), below the 20.3% share across Regional Qld, with seniors achieving health outcomes and national rankings above the broader population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
28.4% of Mackay residents were born overseas and 20.0% speak a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (25.1%) and Australian (22.2%). 4.9% of residents identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity in Mackay exceeds that of most comparable markets, with 28.4% of residents born abroad and 20.0% using a non-English language in their households. Christianity is the primary religion, identified by 47.2% of the local population. A notable religious divergence is seen in Hinduism, which represents 3.5% of residents locally compared to 0.8% across Regional Qld. Ancestry records based on parental birthplace indicate that the three largest cultural backgrounds in Mackay are English (25.1%), Australian (22.2%), and Other (10.1%). Specific communities demonstrate elevated local representation compared to regional averages, including Filipino residents at 5.5% (compared to 0.9% regionally), Maori residents at 1.2% (versus 0.8%), and Maltese residents at 1.0% (against 0.4%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Mackay is 37. That is 1 year younger than at the 2021 Census. 34.7% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The age profile in Mackay leans younger and predominantly pre-family. August 2026 estimates by AreaSearch indicate that young to middle aged adults (25 - 44) constitute 35.4% of the population, compared with 25.5% across Regional Qld, whereas individuals aged 65+ comprise 13.7% locally versus 20.4% regionally. The estimated median age sits at 37, declining from 38 at the 2021 Census and sitting 4 years below the Regional Qld median of 41 recorded at the 2021 Census. The 45 - 64 age bracket has decreased from 26.9% at the Census to an estimated 23.1%.
Looking toward 2041, the largest demographic increase is projected within the young to middle aged adults cohort, which is expected to expand by 329 residents (22%) to reach 1,806.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Mackay
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Sep 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Sep 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Sep 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Aug 2026 last month all 7 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 23 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (4,026 at the 2021 Census → 4,172 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL31724). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.