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This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.
SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).
Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
ABS ERP | -- people | --
2021 Census | -- people
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Bairnsdale has an estimated 15,938 residents, up from 15,684 at the 2021 Census — a change of 254 people, or 1.6%. Growth has averaged 0.5% a year over five years, slower than 83% of areas nationally. 677 new addresses have been validated here since Census night. That puts 103 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
As of Aug 2026, AreaSearch estimates the resident count of Bairnsdale at approximately 15,938. Relative to the 15,684 people recorded during the 2021 Census, this represents an addition of 254 people (1.6%). The update draws upon an estimated resident population count of 15,918 published by the ABS as of June 2025 alongside 677 validated new addresses registered post-Census. With a population density measuring 102 persons per square kilometer, the locality offers substantial living space alongside development capacity. Expanding by 1.6% since census, Bairnsdale sits within 0.8 percentage points of the surrounding SA3 area (2.4%), illustrating solid growth dynamics.
Net interstate arrivals served as the principal demographic driver, accounting for roughly 53.5% of total recent population additions. Projections generated by the ABS/Geoscience Australia (released in 2024 using 2022 as the base year) are utilised by AreaSearch for SA2 boundaries. For locations outside this coverage, AreaSearch incorporates VIC State Government Regional/LGA figures published in 2023, applying weighted aggregation to translate LGA growth trajectories to SA2 zones. Cohort-specific growth rates derived from these models are implemented across all territories for the 2032 to 2041 horizon. Looking ahead, long-term projections place the area in the highest quartile among non-metropolitan regions across the country, with demographic forecasts indicating an expansion of 5,835 persons by 2041 relative to current annual ERP benchmarks, representing a total 16-year increase of 36.5%.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
609 new dwellings have been approved in Bairnsdale over the past five years, an average of 121 a year. That places the area in the 70th percentile for residential development activity nationally, about 8 approvals per 1,000 residents a year. Of the 122 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 92% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Residential planning permissions in Bairnsdale average roughly 121 dwellings per annum, totaling 609 homes authorized across the last 5 financial years (between FY-22 and FY-26). Over this period (between FY-22 and FY-26), the arrival of just 0.6 new residents per year per approved dwelling indicates that newly constructed stock is comfortably keeping pace with or outstripping demand, supporting buyer choice and accommodating future demographic expansion. The average anticipated build cost stands at $374,000, aligning with regional standards. Concurrently, commercial building approvals reached $30.9 million in the current financial year, demonstrating considerable activity in non-residential development.
Per-capita building activity in Bairnsdale tracks closely with the Rest of Vic., preserving structural balance across the regional housing market. Standalone houses represent 92.0% of recent approvals, while attached dwellings account for 8.0%, maintaining the district's open character and catering to purchasers seeking detached layouts. With an approval volume equating to around 121 people per dwelling approval, development patterns reflect low-density residential characteristics. Long-range demographic projections from AreaSearch's latest quarterly dataset indicate that Bairnsdale will add 5,814 residents by 2041. If prevailing construction rates do not accelerate, future dwelling supply may fail to match population influx, potentially heightening competition among purchasers and applying upward pressure on property values.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Bairnsdale
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 3 current infrastructure and development projects inside Bairnsdale, worth an estimated $50 million. A further 91 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $67.2 billion. 31 are already under construction and 34 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans energy, residential development and communities, precincts & urban renewal. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Community economic performance is closely tied to public planning, infrastructure works, and major capital investments. AreaSearch has pinpointed 11 significant developments expected to shape the local environment. Notable works include Dan Murphy's Bairnsdale, Quest Bairnsdale, Wy Yung Acres Rural Lifestyle Subdivision, and the Princes Highway and McEacharn Street Intersection Upgrade, with prominent schemes outlined below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Quest Bairnsdale
Construction of a three-storey, 60-room apartment hotel comprising studio, one-bedroom, and two-bedroom serviced apartments[cite: 1]. Developed in partnership between Dahlsens and BFN Developments, the hotel is designed to boost regional tourism and corporate accommodation capacity in East Gippsland[cite: 1]. The facility includes conference facilities, a gymnasium, business lounge, and on-site parking[cite: 1].
Dan Murphy's Bairnsdale
A 1,250 square metre state-of-the-art Dan Murphy's liquor store developed by Castlerock Property in the East Gippsland town of Bairnsdale, generating approximately 60 jobs during construction and 20 ongoing full-time, casual, and part-time positions, with a 10-year lease and emphasis on local labour and suppliers.
Princes Highway and McEacharn Street Intersection Upgrade
Construction of a new dual-lane roundabout at the Princes Highway and McEacharn Street intersection to improve safety, traffic flow, and accessibility for all road users in east Bairnsdale. Includes extra lanes on Princes Highway, realignment of Dickeson Lane, upgrades to nearby intersections like Alexander Parade and Hadfield Street, new turn lanes, and a shared path connecting to Great Alpine Road.
Wy Yung Acres Rural Lifestyle Subdivision
Semi-rural lifestyle subdivision with blocks ranging from 4000sqm (1 acre) to 20,000sqm (5 acres) located 6 minutes north of Bairnsdale with views to mountains and Gippsland Lakes. Features NBN connectivity for remote work capabilities and protective building covenants.
Paynesville Water Recycling Plant Winter Storage Project
Construction of a new 300 megalitre winter storage lagoon and associated transfer infrastructure at the Paynesville Water Recycling Plant. The project expands recycled water storage capacity to improve wet weather wastewater management, protect local waterways and support future growth across Paynesville, Eagle Point, Raymond Island, Newlands Arm and Banksia Peninsula. The project was delivered by Max Bright and Sons for East Gippsland Water and completed before winter 2026.
Lincoln Lifestyle Eagle Point
A premium masterplanned over-50s land lease community by Lincoln Place delivering 203 architecturally designed two- and three-bedroom single-storey homes on a 10.2-hectare site near Paynesville in Victoria's Gippsland Lakes region. Civil works commenced with a sod-turn ceremony on 15 March 2026, with local contractor Rowe Constructions engaged. First residents are expected in early 2027. Resort-style amenities will include a clubhouse with cinema, library and alfresco dining, a heated indoor pool, wellness centre with gym, competition bowls green, and a pickleball court.Homes are built to Liveable Housing Australia Silver Standard and include solar panels and water tanks. The land lease model means no stamp duty, entry, exit, body-corporate or council rates for homeowners.
Palm Lake Resort Paynesville
Luxury over-50s resort-style community featuring 195 designer homes, a world-class Latitude Country Club with extensive amenities including Milon Gymnasium, pools, cinema, and bowling green in a lakeside setting. The resort is currently under construction, with an estimated completion date of 2027.
Paynesville Slip Road Maritime Precinct Upgrade
A comprehensive upgrade of the Paynesville maritime precinct involving the replacement of aging seawalls and the construction of new jetties to provide approximately 40 new berths. The project includes a significant expansion of the boat ramp to be longer and deeper, enhanced car and boat trailer parking, and the creation of new boardwalks and pedestrian pathways. Integrated landscaping and drainage improvements are also being implemented to support regional tourism and the local marine industry.
7,134 residents of Bairnsdale are employed, from a labour force of 7,540. Unemployment sits at 5.4%, with participation at 57.4%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.2% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Bairnsdale's labor force displays an even distribution across white-collar and blue-collar occupations, supported by a strong presence in essential services, an unemployment rate standing at 5.4%, and an annual employment gain of 5.0%. Across the locality, 7,134 residents are actively employed as of March 2026. The jobless rate sits 1.7% above the 3.7% recorded across Regional Vic., and the local participation rate remains lower at 57.4% compared to 61.1% for Regional Vic.. Census returns showed that 10.4% of workers conducted their roles remotely, an outcome influenced by historical Covid-19 restrictions.
Resident employment centers primarily around construction, retail trade, and health care & social assistance. Manufacturing shows notable local concentration, employing a proportion of the workforce 1.2 times greater than the broader regional benchmark. Conversely, agriculture, forestry & fishing accounts for 4.3% of local jobs, below the 7.5% share seen across Regional Vic.. A Census-recorded ratio of 0.6 workers per resident highlights an above-average availability of jobs within the immediate area. According to AreaSearch evaluations combining ABS and SALM metrics, the past 12-month cycle recorded a 5.0% rise in employed persons against a 3.4% expansion in the total labor force, bringing down the local unemployment rate by 1.5 percentage points. In comparison, Regional Vic. recorded an employment reduction of 0.1%, a 0.3% contraction in the labor force, and an unemployment decline of 0.2 percentage points. Longer-term employment expectations can be assessed via national forecasts published by Jobs and Skills Australia as of Mar-26. When projected nationwide expansions of 6.6% across five years and 13.7% across ten years are weighted against local industry shares, modeled outcomes point to employment gains in Bairnsdale of 6.2% over five years and 13.2% over ten years (provided as a basic weighted extrapolation for context, excluding localized demographic shifts).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Bairnsdale is $1,194 a week (about $62,000 a year), with median personal income at $648 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $47,025 a year against an average of $55,367. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
ATO taxation statistics for financial year 2023 at the postcode level indicate that personal earnings across the Bairnsdale SA2 trail nationwide medians, recording a median of $47,025 and a mean of $55,367. These figures compare against a median of $50,954 and a mean of $62,728 across Regional Vic.. Factoring in cumulative Wage Price Index expansion of 9.62% from financial year 2023 to March 2026, prevailing benchmarks adjust to roughly $51,549 (median) and $60,693 (average). Census measures position personal, family, and household earnings between the 12th and 19th percentiles nationally. The largest earnings segment is the $1,500 - 2,999 weekly bracket, capturing 28.1% of local residents (4,478 people) versus 30.3% regionally.
The proportion of disposable income remaining post-housing costs is 85.9%, ranking in the 15th percentile across Australia.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Bairnsdale had 6,280 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 87% detached houses and 1% apartments. 30% are owned with a mortgage, 28% rented and 42% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $280 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,300 a month. Rent absorbs 23.5% of household income here and mortgage repayments 25.1%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Census records show that separate houses comprise 86.8% of the housing stock in Bairnsdale, with apartments, semi-detached properties, and other dwelling forms making up 13.1%, relative to 90.1% houses and 9.9% other dwellings across Regional Vic.. The rate of outright home ownership stands at 42.2%, matching Regional Vic., while 30.0% of properties carry a mortgage and 27.9% are occupied by tenants. Median housing outgoings sit below regional medians, with monthly mortgage commitments at $1,300 versus $1,430 in Regional Vic., and median weekly rental payments at $280 compared to $285 regionally.
Against national benchmarks, local monthly mortgage repayments are noticeably lower than the Australian figure of $1,863, and weekly rents track well below the $375 national standard.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Bairnsdale counted 6,280 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.3 people each. 23% are couples with children, fewer than in 78% of areas nationally, against 29% couples without children. 32% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.9 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Family households constitute 64.8% of the local dwelling mix, comprising couples without children (29.1%), couples with children (22.8%), and single parent families (12.0%). Non-family living arrangements account for the remaining 35.2%, made up of lone person residences (32.3%) and group households (2.9%). The typical household size sits at a median of 2.3 people, slightly under the Regional Vic. average of 2.4.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
16.3% of adults in Bairnsdale hold a university qualification, including 11.1% with a bachelor degree and 2.7% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 28.4% hold a vocational qualification. 12 schools serve the area, with 3,744 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 965 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Tertiary educational attainment in the district presents an area for development, as the proportion of individuals with higher education degrees (16.3%) remains well under the VIC benchmark of 33.4%. Among degree holders, bachelor qualifications represent 11.1%, postgraduate credentials account for 2.7%, and graduate diplomas comprise 2.5%. Technical and vocational training is prevalent, with 39.7% of residents aged 15+ possessing vocational credentials, divided between certificates (28.4%) and advanced diplomas (11.3%). A substantial segment of the community is engaged in study, with 26.8% of residents enrolled in an educational course. Broken down by level, 9.9% are attending primary education, 7.7% are enrolled in secondary education, and 2.2% are pursuing tertiary studies.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Bairnsdale reaches 47 stops on 12 routes, timetabled for about 280 services a week. The typical home sits about 330 m from its nearest stop. Households keep an average of 1.4 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The public transit network across Bairnsdale features 47 operational transit stops comprising a mix of train services. These points are connected by 12 distinct routes providing 284 passenger services each week. Network coverage provides convenient access, with an average distance of 334 meters from homes to the nearest boarding point. Due to the area's residential profile, outward commuting is standard, with private vehicles accounting for 93% of journeys and vehicle ownership standing at an average of 1.4 per household. Remote workers represented 10.4% of the labor force during the 2021 Census, a metric influenced by pandemic-related settings.
Across all transit lines, scheduling delivers an average of 40 trips per day, translating to roughly 6 weekly journeys for each individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
61.6% of residents in Bairnsdale report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 84% of areas nationally. 8.2% need daily assistance with core activities, and 47.4% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 7.0 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
AreaSearch evaluations of mortality indicators and health conditions point to measurable community health challenges, with chronic illnesses observed across younger and older demographics alike. Private health insurance participation is low, encompassing roughly 47% of residents (~7,554 people), trailing the Regional Vic. level of 50.5% and the national standard of 55.7%. Arthritis and mental health conditions are the most prevalent reported illnesses, affecting 10.7 and 9.9% of residents respectively, whereas 61.6% of the population reported no medical conditions compared to 63.4% in Regional Vic.. Chronic health concerns are notably prevalent among working-age individuals.
Seniors aged 65 and over represent 26.5% of the community (4,229 people), exceeding the 24.0% regional proportion, with older residents showing elevated rates of health conditions relative to national metrics.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Bairnsdale is largely Australian-born, at 87.8% of residents, with 5.7% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (32.4%) and Australian (31.1%). 3.5% of residents identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity metrics for Bairnsdale track below broader averages, with Australian citizens making up 89.0% of residents, 87.8% born within Australia, and 94.3% speaking exclusively English at home. Christianity forms the largest religious affiliation, representing 46.2% of the local populace. The category of Other shows relative presence at 0.7% locally, alongside 0.8% across Regional Vic.. Regarding ancestral background based on parental country of birth, the primary groups in Bairnsdale include English at 32.4%, Australian at 31.1%, and Scottish at 8.2%. Other notable community representations include Australian Aboriginal persons at 3.5% (compared to 1.4% regionally), Italian heritage at 3.1% (versus 2.9% across Regional Vic.), and Dutch heritage at 1.6% (compared to 1.7% in Regional Vic.).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Bairnsdale is 45, older than 78% of areas nationally. 22.0% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The age distribution in Bairnsdale aligns closely with Regional Vic., with individual broad cohorts sitting within 2.5 percentage points of regional proportions. As of August 2026, the estimated median age is 45, matching the 2021 Census figure and sitting 2 years above the Regional Vic. median of 43 at that Census, whilst the nationwide median was 38. The 45 - 64 demographic cohort decreased from 24.2% at the Census to an estimated 22.8%. Looking forward to 2041, residents aged 25 - 44 are projected to drive growth by adding 2,093 people (59%), reaching a total cohort of 5,652.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Bairnsdale
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Sep 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Sep 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Sep 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Aug 2026 last month all 3 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 677 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (15,684 at the 2021 Census → 15,938 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (205021081). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.