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This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.
SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).
Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
ABS ERP | -- people | --
2021 Census | -- people
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Yarra Valley has an estimated 17,097 residents, up from 16,799 at the 2021 Census — a change of 298 people, or 1.8%. 113 new addresses have been validated here since Census night. Density is about 23 people per square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
Based on AreaSearch's analysis, the population of Yarra Valley stands at approximately 17,097 as of May 2026. This represents a growth of 298 people (1.8%) from the 2021 Census, which recorded 16,799 residents. This shift is calculated using the ABS estimated resident population of 17,087 as of June 2025 and 113 validated new addresses registered since the Census date. The population density is 23 persons per square kilometer, indicating a spacious residential environment. The 1.8% expansion rate since the census is within 1.7 percentage points of the SA3 region (3.5%), showing competitive local growth.
Population gains in recent times were mostly driven by natural increase, which accounted for roughly 58.0% of the growth. AreaSearch relies on projections from the ABS and Geoscience Australia for individual SA2 areas, published in 2024 with a 2022 baseline. For areas missing from this dataset, projections are derived from the 2023 Victorian State Government Regional/LGA figures, adjusted by weighting population growth from the LGA to SA2 level. The age group growth rates from these models are also applied to all areas for the period 2032 to 2041. Future expectations align with the lower quartile of statistical areas studied by AreaSearch, with Yarra Valley projected to gain 208 people by 2041 based on the most recent annual ERP data, representing a total growth of 1.2% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
199 new dwellings have been approved in Yarra Valley over the past five years, an average of 39 a year. That is 2.3 approvals per 1,000 residents. Of the 26 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 92% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 52, running ahead of that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Yarra Valley has registered an average of approximately 39 new dwelling approvals annually, totaling 199 residential approvals over the last 5 financial years (FY-21 to FY-25) and 48 during FY-26 so far. The average influx of 0.4 new residents per approved dwelling over the past 5 financial years (FY-21 to FY-25) indicates that construction is keeping pace with or exceeding demand. This provides more alternatives for prospective buyers and supports population expansion that may outpace current forecasts, with new homes constructed at an average cost of $307,000, consistent with regional averages.
Additionally, commercial approvals have reached $16.9 million this financial year, pointing to steady commercial building activity. Compared to Greater Melbourne, new residential approvals per capita in Yarra Valley are at approximately two-thirds the rate, placing the area in the 25th percentile of locations evaluated across Australia, which restricts options for buyers and sustains demand for existing properties. This level of activity is also below the national average, reflecting a mature market and highlighting potential constraints on development. Detached houses comprise 92.0% of new construction, with townhouses or apartments making up 8.0%, preserving the low density lifestyle of the area and its emphasis on spacious family homes. The ratio of 646 people in the region per single dwelling approval highlights a quiet, low-scale development environment. Projections indicate that Yarra Valley will add 198 residents by 2041, based on the latest quarterly estimates from AreaSearch. Given current building trends, the supply of new housing is expected to easily accommodate demand, providing favorable conditions for buyers and potentially driving population growth beyond the current estimated numbers.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Yarra Valley
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 56 current infrastructure and development projects close to Yarra Valley, worth an estimated $4.13 billion. 16 are already under construction and 15 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, sports & recreation and environmental & disaster management. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local infrastructure alterations, significant projects, and planning changes are major drivers of regional performance. AreaSearch has tracked a total of 6 projects that are expected to influence the area. Principal developments include Healesville Sanctuary Precinct Redevelopment (Stage 2), Graceburn Gardens Estate, Maroondah Highway & Don Road Interchange Upgrade, and The Memo Healesville Redevelopment, with details on the most relevant projects provided below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Healesville Sanctuary Precinct Redevelopment (Stage 2)
A major expansion of Healesville Sanctuary focused on modernising visitor facilities and native animal exhibits to support critical wildlife conservation. Key components include a new Threatened Species Quarantine facility, a Raptor Recovery Flight Aviary, and an upgraded Australian Wildlife Health Centre Visitor Gallery. Ongoing works involve the redesign of the active play area and visitor amenity blocks to enhance the educational experience and save priority native species from extinction.
Graceburn Gardens Estate
Premium residential land estate offering large lifestyle blocks with Yarra Valley views. The project has been completed in stages, with lots likely fully released by 2024.
Maroondah Highway & Don Road Interchange Upgrade
Construction is underway on a grade-separated interchange replacing the existing roundabout at Maroondah Highway and Don Road in Healesville. The project includes a new bridge over Maroondah Highway, upgraded intersections, shared walking and cycling paths, improved safety barriers, drainage upgrades and landscaping to improve traffic flow and safety. Construction remains on track for completion in 2026.
The Memo Healesville Redevelopment
Restoration and expansion of the historic 1930s art-deco cinema and community hall into a modern multi-purpose performing arts and function centre. The venue includes a retractable seating bank auditorium, a hydraulic orchestra pit lift, a gallery space, and multi-purpose hire rooms (Nan Francis Room, Billiard Room, Meeting Room).
Yarra Valley Railway Heritage Line Restoration
Volunteer-led restoration of the historic Yarra Valley Railway between Healesville and Yarra Glen. The project includes reconstruction of rail infrastructure, bridge and station restoration, rolling stock overhaul and eventual expansion of heritage train services. As of 2026, public passenger services have been temporarily paused so volunteers can accelerate track restoration, rolling stock works and preparations for extending operations to Yarra Glen.
Mount Evelyn Water Treatment Plant
A critical back-up disinfection facility designed to secure Melbourne's drinking water supply during extreme weather, power failures, or maintenance at the Silvan Reservoir. The project treats water from three major underground mains that serve approximately 50 percent of Melbourne. To preserve local native flora, the plant footprint was reduced by 25m2 and the access road narrowed. Current 2026 works include mechanical and electrical fit-out, building enclosure, and connecting major water mains.
Morrison Reserve Master Plan 2024-2039
A 15-year master plan for Morrison Reserve adopted by Yarra Ranges Council on 28 May 2024. The first funded implementation stage, the Youth Activation and Bike Park project, is now under construction by Warrandale Industries following contract award. The works include an all-abilities bike park, youth activation spaces, social areas and associated public facilities, with completion expected during 2026. The broader master plan continues to guide future staged upgrades to sporting, recreation and pathway infrastructure through 2039.
York Road Upgrade
Potential upgrade to York Road between Swansea and Monbulk roads in Mount Evelyn, Victoria. Planning work and a comprehensive business case have been completed and submitted to the Department of Transport and Planning to inform a potential future upgrade. The project aims to improve safety, reliability, intersections (at Swansea and Monbulk roads), and walking/cycling infrastructure.
8,499 residents of Yarra Valley are employed, from a labour force of 9,103. Unemployment sits at 6.6%, with participation at 64.2%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.0% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 14,407, about 84% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The workforce in Yarra Valley is balanced between white and blue collar jobs, with the construction sector being highly represented, an unemployment rate of 6.6%, and estimated annual employment growth of 0.9%. As of March 2026, there are 8,499 employed residents. The unemployment rate is 1.9% higher than Greater Melbourne's rate of 4.8%, and the workforce participation rate is significantly lower (64.2% versus 70.2% in Greater Melbourne). Census returns show that a moderate 18.9% of residents worked from home, although this may be influenced by lockdowns related to Covid-19. The primary employment sectors for local residents are construction, health care & social assistance, and manufacturing.
Construction is particularly dominant, with its share of employment reaching 1.9 times the regional average. Conversely, professional & technical services are under-represented, employing only 4.4% of the Yarra Valley workforce compared to 10.1% in Greater Melbourne. The comparison between the Census working population and the resident population suggests a lack of local job opportunities. According to AreaSearch analysis of SALM and ABS data, the year leading to March 2026 saw employment grow by 0.9% and the labour force expand by 1.8%, resulting in an increase in the unemployment rate of 0.8 percentage points. During the same period, Greater Melbourne experienced employment growth of 2.1% and labour force expansion of 2.3%, alongside a rise of 0.2 percentage points. Long-term demand trends in Yarra Valley can be interpreted through national employment forecasts from Jobs and Skills Australia as of May-25. These five and ten-year projections have been applied to the local workforce structure to model future growth. While national employment is projected to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, trends vary widely by industry. Projecting these industry rates onto the local workforce mix suggests Yarra Valley employment would grow by 6.0% over five years and 12.7% over ten years, representing a simple weighting extrapolation for illustration that does not account for specific local population forecasts.
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Yarra Valley is $1,439 a week (about $75,000 a year), with median personal income at $681 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $50,873 a year against an average of $60,174. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
According to the latest postcode-level ATO data released for the 2023 financial year, taxpayers in the Yarra Valley SA2 have a median income of $50,873 and an average income of $60,174. This falls below the national average and compares to a median of $57,688 and an average of $75,164 in Greater Melbourne. Adjusting for a Wage Price Index growth of 9.62% since the 2023 financial year, current estimates as of March 2026 are approximately $55,767 for the median and $65,963 for the average. Census data places household, family, and individual incomes in Yarra Valley in a modest range, between the 24th and 31st percentiles.
Income distribution shows that the $1,500 - 2,999 weekly bracket contains 33.7% of the community (5,761 individuals), which is close to the wider region where this segment accounts for 32.8%. Affordability is highly constrained, with only 83.7% of income remaining after housing costs, placing the area in the 31st percentile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Yarra Valley had 6,144 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 96% detached houses and 1% apartments. 50% are owned with a mortgage, 13% rented and 38% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $315 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,690 a month. Rent absorbs 21.9% of household income here and mortgage repayments 27.1%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
The dwelling profile in Yarra Valley at the time of the latest Census consisted of 95.6% houses and 4.5% other dwelling types like semi-detached homes, apartments, and alternative structures, compared to 67.9% houses and 32.1% other dwellings in metropolitan Melbourne. The rate of home ownership in Yarra Valley was considerably higher than in metropolitan Melbourne, sitting at 37.6%, with remaining households holding a mortgage (50.0%) or renting (12.5%). The median monthly mortgage payment was $1,690, which is well below the metropolitan average of $2,000, while median weekly rent was recorded at $315, compared to the metropolitan average of $390.
Across the country, Yarra Valley's mortgage repayments are below the national average of $1,863, and weekly rents are significantly lower than the national figure of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Yarra Valley counted 6,144 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.5 people each. 30% are couples with children, against 28% couples without children. 27% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.8 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families make up the majority of households at 70.9%, consisting of couples with children (30.0%), couples without children (27.8%), and single parent families (12.2%). Non-family households represent the remaining 29.1% of the total, with single person households accounting for 26.7% and group households representing 2.4%. The median household size is 2.5 people, which is slightly lower than the Greater Melbourne average of 2.6.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
16.5% of adults in Yarra Valley hold a university qualification, including 11.1% with a bachelor degree and 2.7% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 32.2% hold a vocational qualification. 18 schools serve the area, with 2,105 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 984 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Educational challenges exist within the region, as university qualification rates (16.5%) are much lower than the Greater Melbourne average of 37.0%. This scenario presents a challenge as well as an opening for focused educational policies. Bachelor degrees are the most common higher education qualification at 11.1%, followed by postgraduate degrees (2.7%) and graduate diplomas (2.7%). Vocational and technical training is very common, with 44.1% of residents aged 15+ holding qualifications in these areas, consisting of advanced diplomas (11.9%) and certificates (32.2%). A high proportion of the population is engaged in study, with 28.2% of residents enrolled in formal education.
Primary school students make up 10.5% of the community, secondary students account for 8.6%, and tertiary students represent 2.8%.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Public transport in Yarra Valley reaches 79 stops on 2 routes, timetabled for about 160 services a week. The typical home sits about 700 m from its nearest stop. Households keep an average of 1.8 vehicles. Stop and service counts are built from operators' published GTFS timetables and refresh with each timetable release; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Analysis of public transport shows 79 transport stops operating in Yarra Valley, consisting of bus services. These stops are served by 2 separate routes, which provide a total of 161 weekly passenger journeys. Transport accessibility is low, with residents living an average of 704 meters from their nearest stop. Because the area is primarily residential, most workers commute out of the district, and private cars are the main mode of travel for 94% of commuters. Vehicle ownership stands at an average of 1.8 per dwelling, exceeding the regional average. Around 18.9% of residents worked from home, according to the 2021 Census, which may be reflective of lockdown conditions.
Service frequency averages 23 daily trips across all public transport routes, which translates to approximately 2 weekly passenger trips per individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
64.6% of residents in Yarra Valley report no long-term health condition. 6.3% need daily assistance with core activities, and 48.9% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 5.4 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Yarra Valley has notable health challenges, according to AreaSearch's evaluation of mortality rates and the prevalence of chronic illnesses, with typical health issues observed in both younger and older cohorts, and private health insurance membership is very low at roughly 49% of the population (~8,360 people). This is lower than the 56.7% rate in Greater Melbourne and the national average of 55.7%. Mental health conditions and arthritis are the most common medical diagnoses in the region, affecting 10.3% and 9.6% of residents, respectively, while 64.6% of the population reported no chronic conditions, compared to 72.6% in Greater Melbourne.
Chronic illness rates are elevated among the working-age population. Residents aged 65 and over make up 21.3% of the community (3,646 people), which is higher than the 15.0% share in Greater Melbourne, with national health rankings closely matching the general population.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Yarra Valley is largely Australian-born, at 86.6% of residents, with 3.5% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are English (33.2%) and Australian (30.9%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Yarra Valley has a lower level of cultural diversity compared to averages, with citizens making up 89.0% of the population, 86.6% born in Australia, and 96.5% speaking only English at home. Christianity is the dominant religion, practiced by 34.1% of the population. The most prominent statistical overrepresentation is in Judaism, which accounts for 0.1% of residents, compared to 1.0% across Greater Melbourne. Regarding parental ancestry, the three largest groups in Yarra Valley are English, representing 33.2% of the population (well above the regional average of 20.1%), Australian, representing 30.9% of the population (well above the regional average of 18.4%), and Irish, representing 8.6% of the population.
Other ethnic ancestries show notable differences from regional figures: Dutch is overrepresented at 3.1% of Yarra Valley (compared to 1.2% regionally), Scottish is at 8.2% (compared to 5.6%), and German is at 3.8% (compared to 2.2%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Yarra Valley is 43. 22.3% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The median age of 43 in Yarra Valley is much higher than the Greater Melbourne average of 37 and the national average of 38. The population distribution shows a high proportion of people aged 65 - 74 (12.2%), whereas the 25 - 34 age bracket (10.6%) is smaller than in Greater Melbourne. Since 2021, the 75 to 84 age group has risen from 5.4% to 7.2% of the population, and the 35 to 44 age bracket grew from 11.3% to 12.5%. In contrast, the 45 to 54 cohort fell from 14.3% to 12.4% and the 5 to 14 group decreased from 12.4% to 11.2%.
Looking forward to 2041, projections suggest major changes in the age structure of Yarra Valley. The 75 to 84 age bracket is expected to grow steadily, increasing by 388 people (31%) from 1,236 to 1,625. Combined age groups of 65 and over will account for 86% of all population growth, highlighting the aging trend of the local population. Conversely, declines are expected in the 0 to 4 and 35 to 44 age cohorts.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Yarra Valley
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Aug 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to May 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | May 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to May 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Jun 2026 2 months ago headline measures · May 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Aug 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Aug 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, Local governments Daily | May 2026 3 months ago all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 5 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 this month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 113 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for May 2026, not a 2021 count (16,799 at the 2021 Census → 17,097 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to May 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (211051286). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.