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This analysis uses ABS Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2) boundaries, which can materially differ from Suburbs and Localities (SAL) even when sharing similar names.
SA2 boundaries are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and are designed to represent communities for statistical reporting (e.g., census and ERP).
Suburbs and Localities (SAL) represent commonly-used suburb/locality names (postal-style areas) and may use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
ABS ERP | -- people | --
2021 Census | -- people
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Golden Plains - North has an estimated 5,109 residents, up from 4,894 at the 2021 Census — a change of 215 people, or 4.4%. Growth has averaged 0.8% a year over five years. 176 new addresses have been validated here since Census night. Fewer than ten people live on each square kilometre, across a boundary that takes in surrounding rural land. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to findings from AreaSearch, the population across Golden Plains - North stands at roughly 5,109 as of Aug 2026. This indicates an expansion of 215 people (4.4%) following the 2021 Census, when the recorded population was 4,894 people. This adjustment is derived from ABS estimated resident population figures of 5,021 recorded as of June 2025 alongside 176 validated new addresses documented post-Census. With this population count, the local density equates to 5.5 persons per square kilometer, ensuring considerable personal space for residents. Outperforming the wider SA3 area (2.9%), the 4.4% expansion recorded in Golden Plains - North since the 2021 census positions it as a regional frontrunner in population growth.
Gains were overwhelmingly propelled by interstate migration, which accounted for roughly 52.8% of total net additions across recent cycles, while natural increase and overseas arrivals also made positive additions. Projections published by the ABS and Geoscience Australia in 2024 (using 2022 as a base) are applied by AreaSearch across SA2 locations. Where such coverage is unavailable, AreaSearch incorporates 2023 Victorian State Government Regional/LGA projections, converting LGA data down to the SA2 level through weighted population aggregation. Age cohort growth rates derived from this process are subsequently utilized for all locations between 2032 and 2041. Based on expected demographic trends, the district is slated for notable population expansion placing it within the highest quartile among regional areas nationwide; current ERP benchmarks indicate Golden Plains - North will add 1,835 persons by 2041, representing a cumulative increase of 34.2% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
114 new dwellings have been approved in Golden Plains - North over the past five years, an average of 22 a year. That is 4.6 approvals per 1,000 residents. Of the 23 dwellings approved in the latest reporting year, 100% were detached houses and the rest townhouses or apartments. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this SA2 boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
Residential building approvals in Golden Plains - North have averaged approximately 22 dwellings each year, totaling 114 homes across the preceding 5 financial years (between FY-22 and FY-26). Over these same 5 financial years (between FY-22 and FY-26), an influx averaging 1.7 people annually per completed residence has kept housing demand and supply well balanced, underpinning stable conditions where newly constructed homes carry an average cost of $448,000. In addition, commercial permits reaching $2.9 million during this financial year highlight the predominantly residential orientation of the locality. Building activity per capita in Golden Plains - North closely mirrors the wider Rest of Vic.
region, reinforcing a balanced property market consistent with broader area benchmarks. Furthermore, new building activity has consisted exclusively of separate houses, maintaining the rural, low-density character of the area while appealing to purchasers looking for standalone homes with generous space. With roughly 257 people per approved dwelling, the region exhibits distinctly low-density attributes. Looking ahead, updated AreaSearch quarterly estimates project that Golden Plains - North will gain 1,747 residents by 2041. Should dwelling approval volumes remain unchanged, residential supply may struggle to keep up with demographic expansion, which could intensify buyer competition and apply upward pressure on housing values.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Golden Plains - North
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 94 current infrastructure and development projects close to Golden Plains - North, worth an estimated $6.43 billion. 26 are already under construction and 34 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, communities, precincts & urban renewal and sports & recreation. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local economic momentum and community development are strongly guided by capital works, strategic planning, and major infrastructure investments. AreaSearch has highlighted 18 projects positioned to influence the region. Notable initiatives include the Delacombe Town Centre Stage 2 Expansion, Federation University Health and Sports Precinct Stage 2, Circular Economy Precinct, and Buninyong Heritage Swimming Baths Conservation Works, with key details on priority projects outlined below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
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Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Delacombe Town Centre Stage 2 Expansion
Stage 2 delivers a 10,593 sqm large-format retail precinct adjoining the existing Delacombe Town Centre, with new tenants including Planet Fitness, Hungry Jacks, Rebel Sport and The Reject Shop, plus additional car parking. The expansion complements the centre anchored by Kmart, Woolworths, Dan Murphys and Showbiz Cinemas. Owned by Region Group; delivery led with H. Troon as builder.
Federation University Health and Sports Precinct Stage 2
Stage 2 of Federation University's Health and Sports Precinct at Mt Helen proposes a $50 million redevelopment of the sporting ovals and buildings opposite the existing Health and Sports Precinct building on University Drive. The scope includes a synthetic oval and outdoor courts, spectator pavilion, car parking and public transport facilities, plus upgraded research, teaching and staff facilities to expand health, sport and community outcomes for Ballarat and Western Victoria. Funding partnerships with government, industry and sporting organisations are being sought.No construction commencement has been confirmed as of May 2026.
Winter Valley Community Centre (Proposed)
Proposed community centre to be built next to primary school with kindergarten spaces as part of Winter Valley activity centre. Will provide essential community services and early childhood education facilities for the growing population in the Ballarat West Growth Zone.
Winter Valley Primary School (Proposed)
Land is earmarked on Greenhalghs Road, Winter Valley for a future government primary school, alongside a proposed secondary school, as part of the Ballarat West Precinct Structure Plan approved in 2012. The site is intended to include kindergarten spaces as part of the government's pre-prep rollout, and sits within a broader package of six new schools planned for the Ballarat west growth zone to serve around 8800 new homes. As of early 2026, the Victorian Government has confirmed the need for the school sites in principle but has not committed funding or a construction timeline, with local reporting noting there are no current plans to use the site.A neighbouring Catholic primary school on Greenhalghs Road is separately funded and due to open in 2028.
Winter Valley Sports Precinct
Development of a masterplanned active open space and community recreation facility in Winter Valley[cite: 1]. The scope includes a multi-sport community pavilion, two Australian Rules football and cricket ovals, two netball courts, floodlighting, playspace amenities, and designated land reserved for a future indoor sports stadium[cite: 1]. The facility is designed to service the expanding residential population across the Ballarat West Growth Zone[cite: 1].
Delacombe Village
Delacombe Village represents the third stage of the Delacombe Town Centre (DTC) precinct, adding over 7,000 sqm of retail space to the western Ballarat growth corridor. The development is anchored by major supermarkets Coles and ALDI, supported by 15 specialty tenancies focused on food and beverage, health, and fashion. Key features include a 98-place childcare centre, expansive grassy areas, outdoor seating, and external cafes. The project serves as a critical retail hub for the rapidly expanding residential catchments of Delacombe, Alfredton, and Smythes Creek.
Delacombe Village (Stage 3 - Delacombe Town Centre)
Delacombe Village is the third stage expansion of the Delacombe Town Centre precinct. This retail hub delivers over 7,000sqm of new retail space, anchored by full-line Coles and ALDI supermarkets. The development includes approximately 15 specialty retail tenancies and a 98-place childcare centre. Strategically located in the Ballarat West growth corridor, it serves a rapidly expanding catchment projected to exceed 150,000 residents within the next decade.
Winter Valley P-12 School
Proposed government P-12 school identified in the Ballarat West Growth Area Precinct Structure Plan to service the rapidly growing Winter Valley and Delacombe communities. The City of Ballarat continues to advocate for Victorian Government funding and delivery. As of February 2026 the project remains unfunded with ongoing advocacy and no construction commencement announced.
2,534 residents of Golden Plains - North are employed, from a labour force of 2,632. Unemployment sits at 3.7%, with participation at 62.7%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.0% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 4,145, about 81% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
The local labour force in Golden Plains - North displays a healthy distribution between white-collar and blue-collar roles, led notably by high participation in the building and construction industry, an unemployment rate standing at a modest 3.7%, and consistent job conditions during the previous year. As of March 2026, employed residents numbered 2,534, with joblessness matching the Regional Vic. benchmark of 3.7% and the participation rate broadly tracking the Regional Vic. mark of 61.1%. Census records indicate that 18.4% of employed locals conducted their work from home, a figure that reflects the influence of Covid-19 restrictions.
Local workers are predominantly engaged across health care & social assistance, construction, and retail trade. Construction represents a distinct industry specialization, capturing a local workforce share 1.3 times the regional standard. Conversely, accommodation & food services accounts for a smaller footprint of 5.5%, falling short of the 6.9% recorded across the broader region. Disparities between local resident counts and Census workplace employment figures suggest a relatively constrained local job base. AreaSearch assessment of ABS and SALM metrics indicates that in the 12 months to March 2026, the local workforce grew by 0.4% while total employment contracted by 0.2%, causing a 0.6 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate. Over the same timeframe, Regional Vic. recorded an employment reduction of 0.1% alongside a 0.3% drop in the labour pool, resulting in a 0.2 percentage point drop. Long-term expectations can be gauged via Jobs and Skills Australia national projections from Mar-26. When these five- and ten-year nationwide benchmarks are aligned with local industry distributions, they outline prospective employment trends. Across Australia, workforce numbers are projected to increase by 6.6% across five years and 13.7% over ten years, with distinct variations across different sectors. Applying these rates to the industry profile of Golden Plains - North indicates potential local employment growth of 6.0% over five years and 12.9% over ten years (note that this reflects a weighted illustrative calculation without incorporating area-specific population forecasts).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Golden Plains - North is $1,455 a week (about $76,000 a year), with median personal income at $668 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $51,814 a year against an average of $62,353. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
ATO postcode records compiled by AreaSearch for financial year 2023 indicate that earnings throughout the Golden Plains - North SA2 sit lower than nationwide figures, recording a median income of $51,814 and an average of $62,353. For comparison, Regional Vic. showed a median of $50,954 and an average of $62,728. Factoring in a Wage Price Index rise of 9.62% since financial year 2023, updated estimates reach approximately $56,799 for median income and $68,351 on average as of March 2026. Data from the 2021 Census places local household, family, and individual incomes in lower brackets, spanning the 22nd to 33rd percentiles.
The largest income tier covers 34.6% of residents who make $1,500 - 2,999 weekly (1,767 residents), aligning closely with the 30.3% observed regionally. While residents retain 88.2% of their income after housing costs, overall disposable income remains subdued at the 38th percentile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Golden Plains - North had 1,777 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 99% detached houses and 0% apartments. 49% are owned with a mortgage, 6% rented and 45% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $250 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,387 a month. Rent absorbs 17.2% of household income here and mortgage repayments 22.0%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
According to the latest Census, the housing landscape in Golden Plains - North is composed of 99.2% separate houses and 0.8% other dwellings such as apartments, semi-detached properties, and alternative formats, compared to 90.1% houses and 9.9% other dwellings across Regional Vic.. Full home ownership is particularly high at 44.8%, surpassing regional figures, with remaining residences under a mortgage (48.9%) or rented (6.3%). Typical monthly mortgage payments of $1,387 and weekly rent levels of $250 both sit below the Regional Vic. medians of $1,430 and $285 respectively. Relative to national figures, housing costs in Golden Plains - North are markedly affordable, tracking well under Australian averages of $1,863 for mortgages and $375 for rent.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Golden Plains - North counted 1,777 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.6 people each. 32% are couples with children, against 32% couples without children. 24% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.9 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Families constitute the clear majority of local living arrangements at 74.3% of all households, consisting of 31.8% couples without children, 31.7% couples with children, and 9.9% single parent households. The remaining 25.7% is made up of non-family living situations, which include single-person households at 23.6% alongside group homes representing 1.6%. The typical household size stands at 2.6 people, exceeding the 2.4 average recorded across Regional Vic..
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
17.0% of adults in Golden Plains - North hold a university qualification, including 10.6% with a bachelor degree and 3.0% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 32.4% hold a vocational qualification. 5 schools serve the area, with 441 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 988 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Tertiary attainment in the area remains relatively subdued, with higher education degrees held by 17.0% of the community, substantially trailing the VIC benchmark of 33.4%. This gap underscores opportunities for targeted educational development. Bachelor degrees account for 10.6%, followed by graduate diplomas at 3.4% and postgraduate awards at 3.0%. In contrast, vocational and technical credentials are widely held, with 44.1% of individuals aged 15+ possessing vocational qualifications, comprising certificates (32.4%) and advanced diplomas (11.7%). Community involvement in learning is strong, with 29.3% of the population actively enrolled in an educational course.
Broken down by stage, this includes 11.6% attending primary school, 8.9% in secondary education, and 2.9% undertaking tertiary studies.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Getting around Golden Plains - North means driving: households keep an average of 2.1 vehicles, and scheduled services reach only a handful of stops. Service data is built from operators' published GTFS timetables; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
Public transit infrastructure within Golden Plains - North comprises 9 active transport stops across 3 dedicated routes, providing a combined total of 23 weekly passenger trips. Transit access is comparatively low, with local households situated an average of 1691 meters from their closest boarding point. Reflecting the region's commuter patterns, travel is heavily road-based, with private vehicles accounting for 95% of journeys. Vehicle access is elevated, averaging 2.1 cars per dwelling, higher than the regional benchmark. Additionally, 18.4% of workers operated from home at the 2021 Census, subject to the conditions of COVID-19.
Public transport services run at an average rate of 3 trips per day across the network, providing roughly 2 weekly trips per individual stop.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
61.7% of residents in Golden Plains - North report no long-term health condition. 7.0% need daily assistance with core activities, and 50.4% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 4.9 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Metrics analyzed by AreaSearch around mortality and chronic illnesses indicate notable health challenges for Golden Plains - North, with common ailments present across both younger and older demographics, while private health insurance uptake is comparatively low at roughly 50% of residents (~2,574 people), sitting behind the Australian rate of 55.7%. Mental health conditions (10.8%) and asthma (10.0%) represent the most frequently reported diagnoses in the district, though 61.7% of residents reported having no long-term health conditions, slightly below the 63.4% seen throughout Regional Vic.. Chronic ailments are particularly noticeable within working-age cohorts.
Meanwhile, seniors aged 65 and over comprise 22.4% of the population (1,143 people), lower than the 24.0% share across Regional Vic., with local older residents demonstrating above-average health outcomes that rank higher nationally than the broader community.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Golden Plains - North is largely Australian-born, at 89.9% of residents, with 2.8% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are Australian (33.9%) and English (30.9%). Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Cultural diversity metrics for Golden Plains - North are comparatively low, with Australian citizens making up 90.5% of residents, 89.9% born in Australia, and 97.2% speaking only English in domestic settings. Christianity represents the most widespread faith at 42.9%, which sits below the 47.3% reported across Regional Vic.. Looking at parental birthplaces, the primary ancestries reported across Golden Plains - North are Australian (33.9%), English (30.9%), and Irish (9.5%). In addition, specific European backgrounds show higher local concentrations than typical regional levels, with Dutch ancestry accounting for 2.3% (against 1.7% regionally), Maltese representing 1.3% (against 0.5%), and Hungarian comprising 0.4% (against 0.2%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Golden Plains - North is 43. 21.6% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The age distribution of Golden Plains - North closely tracks regional standards, showing a maximum variance of only 3.8 percentage points from the Regional Vic. baseline. The estimated median age as at August 2026 is 43, unchanged from the 2021 Census and matching the 43 recorded across Regional Vic. at that time, compared with the national Census median of 38. Residents in the 65+ age group have expanded from 19.1% at the Census to an estimated 22.4%. Through to 2041, demographic gains will be driven primarily by adults aged 25 - 44, who are forecast to grow by 624 residents (56%) to reach a total of 1,746.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Golden Plains - North
9 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Sep 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the SA2 boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 9 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Sep 2026 this month all 21 measures |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Sep 2026. | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, Local governments Daily | May 2026 4 months ago all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated May 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 6 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Aug 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Jul 2026 2 months ago all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 2 sections | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 176 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (4,894 at the 2021 Census → 5,109 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (201031015). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.