Chart Color Schemes
This analysis uses Suburbs and Localities (SAL) boundaries, which can materially differ from Statistical Areas (SA2) even when sharing the same name.
SAL boundaries are defined by Australia Post and the Australian Bureau of Statistics to represent commonly-known suburb names used in postal addresses.
Statistical Areas (SA2) are designed for census data collection and may combine multiple suburbs or use different geographic boundaries. For comprehensive analysis, consider reviewing both boundary types if available.
est. as @ -- *
2021 Census | -- people
Curious about local property values? Filter the chart to assess the volume and appreciation (including resales) trends and regional comparisons, or scroll to the map below view this information at an individual property level.
Find a Recent Sale
Sales Detail
Frenchville has an estimated 9,164 residents, up from 8,982 at the 2021 Census — a change of 182 people, or 2.0%. That puts 1,393 residents on each square kilometre. Population is estimated from ABS Estimated Resident Population releases and GNAF address data, re-based from the 2021 Census and updated annually.
Detail
According to AreaSearch evaluations combining ABS demographic revisions across the wider region with post-Census address validations, the suburb of Frenchville has an estimated count of approximately 9,164 residents as of Aug 2026. This indicates an expansion of 182 individuals (2.0%) over the 8,982 persons recorded in the 2021 Census. The updated total is established from the 9,164 resident figure calculated by AreaSearch using the ABS June 2025 ERP release alongside 24 newly confirmed addresses following the Census. This population level yields a density of 1,392 persons per square kilometer, exceeding the typical benchmark across nationwide areas analyzed by AreaSearch.
Natural increase served as the primary contributor to local demographic growth, accounting for roughly 64.0% of recent population additions. Projections published jointly by the ABS and Geoscience Australia in 2024 with a 2022 baseline are utilized by AreaSearch across SA2 regions. For post-2032 horizons or localities lacking this coverage, Queensland State Government SA2 forecasts issued in 2023 from 2021 baselines are incorporated instead. Because state-level datasets omit age group breakdowns, AreaSearch applies age-cohort distribution weightings derived from the 2023 ABS Greater Capital Region series based on 2022 figures. Over the longer term, the suburb of Frenchville is projected to track within the lower quartile for regional non-metropolitan Australia, adding 97 individuals by 2041 under aggregated SA2 models for an overall increase of 1.1% over the 16 years.
Frequently Asked Questions - Population
29 new dwellings have been approved in Frenchville over the past five years, an average of 5 a year. That is 0.6 approvals per 1,000 residents. Approvals are currently running at an annualised 8, running ahead of that longer-run average. Figures come from ABS building approvals aggregated to this Suburb (SAL) boundary and are updated monthly as the ABS releases them.
Detail
ABS residential building consent records compiled by AreaSearch indicate that Frenchville averages approximately 5 dwelling approvals annually, accumulating roughly 29 residential approvals across the preceding 5 financial years. During FY-25 to date, 8 building approvals have been logged. Between FY-21 and FY-25, the arrival of 4.5 inbound residents per completed dwelling annually has created a clear imbalance between demand and incoming stock, commonly driving up real estate values and buyer competition. New residences feature an average construction value of $321,000, which sits under regional benchmarks and highlights comparatively accessible building costs.
In addition, non-residential building consents total $977,000 for the ongoing financial year, pointing to subdued commercial building activity. Per capita residential building volumes in Frenchville lag significantly behind Rest of Qld, sitting 85.0% below the regional rate. While this constrained construction pipeline supports asset values and buyer demand for existing properties, building approvals have seen recent upward movement. Construction levels also track beneath broader national standards, pointing to a well-established urban environment and prospective planning limitations. Furthermore, incoming residential approvals consist exclusively of detached houses, maintaining the neighborhood's family-focused landscape for households prioritizing standalone living. A ratio of approximately 1221 residents per building permit underscores the suburb's mature property profile. Long-range forecasts indicate Frenchville will gain 97 additional residents by 2041 compared to the most recent AreaSearch quarterly release. Maintained at ongoing rates, future residential construction appears balanced to satisfy projected housing needs, sustaining positive conditions for home purchasers and potentially opening avenues for growth beyond current projections.
Frequently Asked Questions - Development
Development applications around Frenchville
Loading development applications…
| Lodged | Address | Description | Type | Distance | Status |
|---|
SOURCE: Planning portals and council registers, compiled by AreaSearch. Distance & bearing measured from the suburb midpoint.
AreaSearch tracks 2 current infrastructure and development projects inside Frenchville. A further 52 sit in the immediately surrounding suburbs, taking the tracked pipeline within reach of the area to $4.65 billion. 17 are already under construction and 12 are due for completion within three years. The pipeline spans residential development, sports & recreation and transport & logistics. Records are compiled from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, council planning portals and public announcements, reviewed and updated daily, then ranked by proximity, construction stage, completion horizon and project scale.
Detail
Local economic and property performance is heavily influenced by capital works programs, regional planning schemes, and infrastructure upgrades. AreaSearch has pinpointed 14 distinct initiatives with potential local significance. Prominent undertakings include the Norman Gardens Play Space Development, the Norman Road Footpath Upgrade, the Mildura Rise Estate, and the Large Format Retail Development Moores Creek Road, with major developments summarized below.
Professional plan users can use the search below to filter and access additional projects.
INFRASTRUCTURE SEARCH
Denotes AI-based impression for illustrative purposes only, not to be taken as definitive under any circumstances. Please follow links and conduct other investigations from the project's source for actual imagery. Developers and project owners wishing us to use original imagery please Contact Us and we will do so.
Frequently Asked Questions - Infrastructure
Anaconda Large Format Retail Development Rockhampton
Spotlight Group large format retail development beside the existing Spotlight store near Moores Creek Road and Yaamba Road. The current approved scheme includes a 2500 sqm stand-alone Anaconda anchor store, additional large format retail tenancies, loading areas, signage, landscaping, bicycle parking and more than 230 car spaces. Rockhampton Regional Council approved amended plans in 2025, tenders were called in mid-2025, and Paynters was reported as the builder with construction expected to commence in early 2026.
Norman Gardens Play Space Development
A new ninja-themed community play space and recreation facility featuring dynamic play areas with obstacles and climbing structures for various age groups, shaded picnic areas, and a hard half court active play area with sandpit elements.
Norman Road Footpath Upgrade
Construction of a new footpath along the eastern side of Norman Road between German Street and Dodgson Street to improve pedestrian safety and connectivity in growing areas. Part of the Australian Government's Local Roads and Community Infrastructure Program.
The Gardens Estate Norman Gardens
A residential housing development in Norman Gardens featuring modern family homes and community facilities. The development includes landscaped parklands, walking trails, and sustainable design principles.
Former Bunnings Site Redevelopment
Multi-staged mixed-use redevelopment of the former Bunnings Warehouse site (2.66 ha) at 452-488 Yaamba Road, Norman Gardens. The project features a full-line Coles supermarket, Liquorland, specialty retail stores, outdoor dining, showroom space, and twelve four-bedroom townhouses accessed via Potts Street. The existing 8000 sqm warehouse will be demolished. The development is expected to create approximately 100 jobs during operation.
Dual Occupancy Development at 259 Rockonia Road
Development permit for a dual occupancy, providing two residential dwellings on the site.
Rockhampton Large Format Retail Centre (Anaconda anchor)
A large format retail development on the corner of Yaamba Road (Bruce Highway) and Moores Creek Road in Park Avenue, anchored by a 2,500 square metre Anaconda showroom. Following an approved change application in March 2025, the project now comprises six showroom tenancies plus advertising signage, with the previously proposed shopping centre, smaller shops and 24-hour service station components removed. The site provides 258 car parking spaces and is owned by the Spotlight Retail Group through SPG Developments.The development brings additional outdoor, lifestyle and homewares retail to the northern Rockhampton retail strip on the Bruce Highway.
Capricorn Square Neighbourhood Centre
Capricorn Square is a development-approved neighbourhood essential service centre on a 16,381 square metre corner site at Nagle Drive and Norman Road. Plans cover 3,123 square metres of specialty retail across four low-set buildings, with approvals for food and liquor, health, fitness and medical tenancies and a drive-thru convenience fuel and food enterprise. A separately titled 3,620 square metre lot holds approval for a 1,014 square metre early learning centre catering for 130 children across seven classrooms.The combined site provides 169 retail car spaces and 33 childcare car spaces, with frontage to Norman Road carrying around 11,500 to 15,000 vehicles per day. The two lots were offered at public auction in February 2024 by Next Commercial and have since transacted, with construction yet to commence as of the latest checks.
5,017 residents of Frenchville are employed, from a labour force of 5,159. Unemployment sits at 2.8%, with participation at 68.7%. Weighted for its industry mix, the area's sectors are forecast to grow about 6.5% nationally over five years. That reflects industry composition only and makes no allowance for local population growth. The working-day population is estimated at 6,657, about 73% of the resident population, so more people leave the area for work than travel in. Unemployment and labour force come from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, updated quarterly; the industry and occupation profile is from the 2021 Census.
Detail
A well-qualified workforce characterizes Frenchville, with strong engagement across vital public and community sectors and an unemployment rate recorded at only 2.8%, based on AreaSearch statistical aggregations. By March 2026, employed locals numbered 5,017, and the local jobless rate sat 1.2% lower than the 3.9% recorded across Regional Qld. Labor force participation stood at 68.7%, aligning closely with regional dynamics alongside Regional Qld's 64.2%. Census figures showed merely 5.3% of workers operating from home, an outcome influenced by historical Covid-19 restrictions. Major local employers among residents include health care & social assistance, education & training, along with retail trade.
The neighborhood exhibits a notable concentration in education & training, where local representation is 1.4 times greater than the broader regional norm. Conversely, agriculture, forestry & fishing accounts for only 0.4% of the local workforce, contrasting with 4.5% across Regional Qld. As indicated by Census comparisons between the resident workforce and locally situated jobs, this predominantly residential community offers relatively limited commercial workplace destinations within its borders. According to AreaSearch evaluations of SALM and ABS figures, compiled from wider statistical zones, the workforce shrank by 5.0% during the year to March 2026, while employment dropped by 3.8%, which caused the unemployment rate to drop by 1.2 percentage points. In contrast, Regional Qld experienced a 0.1% rise in employment, a 0.3% increase in the labour force, and a 0.1 percentage point increase in unemployment. Jobs and Skills Australia's national employment outlooks from Mar-26 provide additional perspective on anticipated future demand in Frenchville. These forecasts span five and ten year intervals and have been overlaid with local employment data to project growth trends. Although national employment is predicted to grow by 6.6% over five years and 13.7% over ten years, expansion varies considerably across different industry sectors. When these sector-specific forecasts are applied to Frenchville's employment composition, local employment is projected to rise by 6.5% over five years and 13.6% over ten years (please note this is a simple weighting extrapolation for illustrative purposes and does not take into account localised population projections).
Frequently Asked Questions - Employment
Median household income in Frenchville is $1,726 a week (about $90,000 a year), with median personal income at $880 a week. ATO records put median taxable income at $60,614 a year against an average of $71,539. Household income is from the 2021 Census; taxable income is from ATO Taxation Statistics for the latest financial year available, indexed forward using the ABS Wage Price Index.
Detail
According to postcode-based ATO figures compiled by AreaSearch for financial year 2023, the suburb of Frenchville registered a median individual taxpayer income of $60,614 and an average of $71,539. These earnings surpass national figures as well as Regional Qld's median of $53,146 and average of $66,593. Factoring in an 11.36% increase in the Wage Price Index since financial year 2023 brings estimated figures to roughly $67,500 for median earnings and $79,666 for average earnings as of March 2026. The 2021 Census placed individual earnings at the 64th percentile ($880 weekly) and household income at the 48th percentile.
In terms of earnings distributions, the largest segment includes 32.1% of residents (2,941 people) within the $1,500 - 2,999 bracket, closely mirroring the regional proportion of 31.7%. Locals retain 87.5% of their gross earnings after meeting housing outlays, supporting solid disposable income, while the neighborhood's SEIFA income position falls into the 4th decile.
Frequently Asked Questions - Income
Frenchville had 3,390 occupied dwellings at the 2021 Census, 89% detached houses and 8% apartments. 41% are owned with a mortgage, 26% rented and 34% owned outright. At that Census the median rent was $300 a week and the median mortgage repayment $1,473 a month. Rent absorbs 17.4% of household income here and mortgage repayments 19.7%. Dwelling stock, tenure and housing costs are 2021 Census measures — the only source that counts dwellings at this boundary size.
Detail
Residential dwellings in Frenchville at the time of the latest Census consisted of 88.8% separate houses alongside 11.2% alternative formats (including semi-detached units, apartments, and other housing structures), whereas Regional Qld recorded 76.4% separate houses and 23.6% other dwellings. Outright property ownership mirrored the broader region at 33.5%, while mortgaged properties accounted for 40.5% and rental properties represented 26.0%. Typical monthly mortgage costs stood at $1,473, well below the Regional Qld benchmark of $1,655, with median weekly rents reaching $300 relative to $345 across Regional Qld. Compared against national measures, local mortgage repayments fall substantially beneath the Australian median of $1,863, and weekly rents track considerably lower than the national figure of $375.
Frequently Asked Questions - Housing
Frenchville counted 3,390 households at the 2021 Census, averaging 2.5 people each. 30% are couples with children, against 29% couples without children. 25% of households are people living alone, and families average 1.8 children. Household and family composition is measured only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Family units constitute the overwhelming majority of Frenchville households at 72.5%, divided into 29.5% couples with dependent children, 29.3% couples without children, and 12.7% single parent arrangements. Non-family living situations account for the remaining 27.5%, led by single-person dwellings at 25.2% and shared group households at 2.4%. The typical household size sits at 2.5 people, matching the broader Regional Qld benchmark.
Frequently Asked Questions - Households
21.8% of adults in Frenchville hold a university qualification, including 15.3% with a bachelor degree and 3.9% with postgraduate qualifications. A further 28.6% hold a vocational qualification. 3 schools serve the area, with 1,911 enrolment places and an average ICSEA of 947 against a national benchmark of 1,000. Qualifications come from the 2021 Census; school enrolments, ICSEA and results come from ACARA's current release.
Detail
Tertiary attainment rates in Frenchville track below wider benchmarks, with 21.8% of individuals aged 15+ holding higher education degrees relative to 30.4% across Australia, pointing to opportunities for further academic and professional upskilling. Bachelor-level awards represent the largest segment at 15.3%, followed by postgraduate degrees at 3.9% and graduate diplomas at 2.6%. Meanwhile, technical and vocational training shows widespread uptake, with 37.7% of residents aged 15+ holding applied qualifications, including advanced diplomas (9.1%) and certificates (28.6%). Active participation in study is prominent across Frenchville, where 28.8% of the local population is enrolled in an educational institution.
This proportion comprises 10.9% attending primary schools, 8.5% in secondary education, and 4.4% undertaking tertiary studies.
Frequently Asked Questions - Education
Schools Detail
Getting around Frenchville means driving: households keep an average of 1.5 vehicles, and no scheduled public transport appears in the current timetable feeds. Service data is built from operators' published GTFS timetables; vehicle ownership is from the 2021 Census.
Frequently Asked Questions - Transport
Transport Stops Detail
66.0% of residents in Frenchville report no long-term health condition, a less healthy profile than 78% of areas nationally. 6.3% need daily assistance with core activities, and 55.6% hold private health cover. The standardised death rate runs at 6.4 per 1,000 residents. Health conditions, assistance needs and insurance are 2021 Census measures; the death rate comes from current ABS releases.
Detail
Health assessments compiled by AreaSearch highlight notable wellness challenges in Frenchville across mortality indicators and long-term illness rates, with prevalent chronic conditions appearing across older and younger demographics alike. Concurrently, private health insurance coverage is extensive, taken up by approximately 56% of the population (~5,090 people), compared to 52.5% throughout Regional Qld. Arthritis and mental health conditions represent the most frequently reported medical diagnoses locally, affecting 8.8 and 8.5% of the community respectively, while 66.0% of residents reported having no ongoing chronic illnesses compared to 67.6% across Regional Qld. Working-age cohorts experience higher-than-average rates of long-term medical conditions.
Senior residents aged 65 and over make up 18.8% of the locality (1,722 people), below the Regional Qld level of 20.3%, with elderly health metrics tracking consistently alongside wider national patterns.
Frequently Asked Questions - Health
Frenchville is largely Australian-born, at 89.8% of residents, with 6.7% speaking a language other than English at home. The largest reported ancestries are Australian (30.0%) and English (29.3%). 4.5% of residents identify as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. Ancestry, language and country of birth are counted only by the Census, so these are 2021 figures.
Detail
Frenchville demonstrates lower measures of cultural diversity relative to broader averages, with Australian citizens comprising 90.5% of the population, 89.8% born domestically, and 93.3% communicating exclusively in English at home. Christianity forms the dominant religious faith across the suburb, representing 58.2% of residents compared to 52.2% across Regional Qld. Regarding parental lineage, the primary ancestries reported across Frenchville are Australian (30.0%), English (29.3%), and Irish (9.1%). In addition, specific cultural backgrounds show elevated representation relative to regional patterns, with German heritage accounting for 5.1% of the community (versus 4.7% regionally), Australian Aboriginal heritage at 4.5% (versus 3.9%), and Scottish heritage representing 8.6% (versus 7.8%).
Frequently Asked Questions - Diversity
The median resident of Frenchville is 37. 27.6% of residents are aged 15 to 34. Age cohorts are not raw Census counts: the Census split is re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections.
Detail
The demographic profile in Frenchville skews younger than Regional Qld overall. AreaSearch estimates for August 2026 indicate that young to middle aged adults (25 - 44) make up 28.8% of the population compared to 25.5% across Regional Qld, while mature adults and early retirees (45 - 64) represent 21.7% relative to 24.6% regionally. The median age remains at an estimated 37, matching the 2021 Census level and sitting 4 years below the Regional Qld figure of 41 recorded at that time. Across specific cohorts, mature adults and early retirees have decreased from 23.4% at the Census to an estimated 21.7%.
Projections to 2041 anticipate that young to middle aged adults will see the strongest expansion, adding 254 residents (10%) to reach 2,893, while cohorts of children, young adults, and mature adults alongside early retirees are projected to contract.
Frequently Asked Questions - Age
Data & MethodBoundaries, Sources & Method for Frenchville
8 of 14 data sections on this page were updated within the last 12 months — the newest current to Oct 2026.
Everything is aggregated to the Suburb (SAL) boundary shown above, on a 2021 Census baseline. Only 3 sections — housing, households and cultural diversity — still wait on the 2026 Census.
The ledger — source, cycle and currency by section
| Section | Source & update cycle | Currency |
|---|---|---|
| Updated within the last 12 months 8 sections | ||
| Population | ABS, GNAF, Geoscience Australia Annual (ABS ERP) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release) and updated with new dwellings from GNAF address data. Current to Aug 2026, with the 2021 Census supplying the small-area baseline. | ||
| Age profile | ABS, Geoscience Australia, State governments Annual | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Age cohorts are re-based to the latest ABS population estimates and state projections, current to Aug 2026. Each cohort is held as a Census baseline and a current estimate. | ||
| Development & approvals | ABS, GNAF Monthly (ABS approvals) | Aug 2026 2 months ago headline measures · Jul 2026 baseline |
| Property sales & rents | Valuer General, Rental Board, ABS Weekly sales, quarterly rents | Oct 2026 this month headline measures · Sep 2026 baseline |
| Sales from the state Valuer General register, refreshed weekly, and rents from quarterly rental bond lodgements. Both are read live each time this page loads, current to Oct 2026. | ||
| Employment | ABS, DEWR, JSA Quarterly (ABS SALM) | Mar 2026 7 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Unemployment and labour force from ABS Small Area Labour Markets, current to Mar 2026. The growth outlook applies Department of Employment (now Jobs and Skills Australia) forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to the local industry mix, so it measures sector composition rather than local expansion and makes no allowance for population growth. Job demand comes from the same agency via its Internet Vacancy Index; industry and occupation structure from the 2021 Census. | ||
| Education | ABS, ACARA Annual (ACARA) | Sep 2026 last month headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Transport | ABS, State Transport Departments Each timetable release | Jul 2026 3 months ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Services & amenities | Provider directories, ACECQA Continuous | Sep 2026 last month all 14 measures |
| Annual and financial-year sources 3 sections | ||
| Infrastructure projects | Infrastructure Australia, State agencies, Local governments Daily | Aug 2025 about a year ago all 2 projects tracked here |
| Project pipeline maintained continuously from Infrastructure Australia, state agencies, local government and public announcements. Records are added and revised daily; this area was last updated Aug 2025. | ||
| Income | ABS, ATO Annual (ATO) | FY 2023 3 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| ATO taxable income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index. Census household income provides the distribution detail. | ||
| Health | ABS, ATO Annual | 2024 2 years ago headline measures · 2021 Census baseline |
| Census-measured — next update: 2026 Census 3 sections No more current small-area source exists for these, so they are labelled as Census-measured rather than implied to be current. | ||
| Housing | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 30 measures |
| Households | ABS 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 18 measures |
| Cultural diversity | ABS, Geoscience Australia 5-yearly (Census) | 2021 Census next update 2026 all 44 measures |
"Currency" is the most recent release feeding that section. Where the Census supplies the structural baseline underneath a current headline figure, the row says so.
How the numbers are built
Population
The Census provides the small-area baseline, aggregated from mesh blocks to this boundary. It is then re-based to the ABS Estimated Resident Population (June 2025 release), and new dwellings built since Census night are counted from address data — 24 validated new addresses here. The headline figure is therefore a current estimate for Aug 2026, not a 2021 count (8,982 at the 2021 Census → 9,164 now). Annual growth rates are compound (CAGR), not simple averages.
Age profile
Cohort shares are not raw Census counts. Every cohort is held as a pair — the Census baseline and a current estimate — and the split is re-based using ERP and state population projections, current to Aug 2026. Median age is the Census median plus modelled change since. Charts that show both are labelled "2021 Census vs Current Estimate".
Property sales
Sourced from the state valuation authority's sales register — current, not Census, and refreshed weekly. Medians are calculated from settled transactions in the period shown; periods with very low transaction counts are flagged or suppressed, because a handful of sales can move a median substantially.
Rents
Derived from state rental bond lodgement data, by dwelling type and bedroom count. Bonds are lodged at the start of a new tenancy, so this reflects new lettings, not the whole rented stock.
Development & infrastructure
Building approvals come from current ABS releases; development applications are collected from council and state planning portals; the infrastructure pipeline is compiled from Infrastructure Australia and local government sources. Applications are matched to this boundary by address or coordinates, so very recent lodgements may not yet appear.
Employment & income
Industry and occupation structure comes from the Census, but the headline labour-market indicators do not. Unemployment and labour force are derived from ABS Small Area Labour Markets (quarterly). The employment outlook applies Department of Employment forecasts for all 19 industry divisions to this area's own industry mix (the agency is now Jobs and Skills Australia), as does the Internet Vacancy Index used for job demand. Because it is weighted on industry composition alone, that outlook carries no allowance for local population growth — in fast-growing areas the real rise in local jobs will typically be higher. Income combines Census household income with ATO taxable-income statistics for FY 2023, indexed forward using the Wage Price Index.
Education, transport & amenities
School enrolments, ICSEA and performance come from ACARA's current release, not the Census. Public transport stops and service frequency are derived from GTFS timetable feeds published by state transport departments. Services and amenities are proximity and count scores built from provider directories, refreshed on their own cycle. The Census contributes only the travel-to-work and qualification measures.
Rankings and benchmarks. Where we rank this area, the comparison set is every area of the same boundary type — suburbs against suburbs, SA2s against SA2s. Benchmarks compare this area against its greater capital city region and the national figure for the same measure and period.
Limits worth knowing. Small areas carry larger error margins, and the ABS introduces small random adjustments to Census counts to protect confidentiality — so totals may not sum exactly. Estimates re-based from regional data describe the area's expected trajectory, not a direct count of it. Figures are indicative for research and are not financial, planning or valuation advice.
Cross-check us. The Census baseline for this boundary is at ABS 2021 Census QuickStats (SAL31086). QuickStats reports 2021 only — the figures on this page are more current wherever the ledger shows a later date.